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Masonry structures Behavior and design
Ain Shams University Faculty of Engineering 4th year Structural Engineering Department Concrete Structures & Design Graduation Project
Outlines • Introduction & Historical background
• Advantage of masonry structures
• Most important properties of masonry materials
• Material Used on masonry structures
• Contemporary masonry structures
• Design of reinforced masonry beams
• Design loads
• Shear walls
• Failure of walls
• Out-of-plane loads
• Flexural behavior of loads
• Two way flexure
• Partially reinforced walls
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Introduction&Historical background • Building Problems throughout history
• Idea of ancient masonry
• Most of Ancient masonry where loadbearing
• The most important and famous example throughout history is the pyramids
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Introduction & Historical background
• Vaults and domes development and the great ingenuity to create pleasant buildings
• Development in gothic civilization
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Advantage of masonry structures
•More economic
•Thermal and sound isolation
•Fire resistance
•Aesthetic value
•Durable qualities
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Most important properties of masonry materials
• Compressive strength
• Modulus of elasticity
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Provides complete info’s
on characteristics
Useful in design,
Researches
Most important properties of masonry materials
• Tensile strength: obtained from modulus of rupture test
• Initial rate of absorption (IRA): • KG/min / m2
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• Durability: can be estimated using historic reports
• Efflorescence
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Most common units
• Clay/shale units :
Concrete units :
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Most common units
• Calcium silicate units :
stones :
Glass walls
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Other used materials
• Mortar:
• Grout :
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Reinforcement
• reinforced bars and joint reinforcement
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Contemporary masonry • Reasons of masonry development
• Contemporary masonry elements
• Masonry building systems
• Types of masonry construction
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walls columns Beams
Single storey
Multi
storey hybrid
Unreinforced Reinforced Prestressed
Masonry Beams
• Reinforced masonry beams and lintels are horizontal members used to span the openings in masonry walls.
• Bond beams are mostly located at floor and roof levels where their main function is: 1-To distribute vertical loads 2-To tie the elements of the building together
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Design of beams
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Design of beams
• T = As . Fy , C = ϒ1 Fm . β1 c b , ϒ1= β1 = 0.85
• For equilibrium with C = T , Therefor: 𝐜 =𝐀𝐬 𝐅𝐲
𝛄𝟏 𝐅𝐦 .𝛃𝟏 𝐛
Thus, the theoretical ultimate moment capacity can be calculated as:
𝐌𝐧 = 𝐓 𝐝 −𝛃𝟏 𝐜
𝟐 = 𝐀𝐬 𝐅𝐲 𝐝 −
𝐀𝐬 𝐅𝐲
𝟐𝛄𝟏 . 𝐅𝐦 . 𝐛
• Applying factor of safety in the form of capacity reduction factor
for flexure, so: 𝐌𝐮 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟖 𝐌𝐧 • Reinforcement(steel) ratio ρ = As/bd must be limited to avoid the
brittle failure and ensure some ductility.
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Design loads
Seismic
Gravity
Wind
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Shear wall
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• Why we must add shear walls ?
• Its function?
Shear Walls
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• In-plane and out-of-plane loads
• Comparison
Shear walls
• Walls with opening
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Failure of walls
• Under lateral load and gravity load
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Out-of-plane loads
• Types of out-of-plane loads
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Permanent loads
Temporary loads
Flexural behavior of loads (single wythe)
• Vertical flexure
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• Effect of superimposed axial load
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Flexural behavior of loads (single wythe)
• Horizontal flexure
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Two way flexure (single Wythe)
• Wall on three sides
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Two way flexure (single Wythe)
• Wall on four sides
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Partially reinforced walls
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T hank you 2/2
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