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ARMY, MARINE CORPS, NAVY, AIR FORCE
MULTISERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES
AIR LAND SEA
APPLICATION
CENTER DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved forpublic release; distribution is unrestricted.
ARMY AND MARINE CORP
INTEGRATION IN JOINT
OPERATIONS
AMCI
FM 3-31.1
MCWP 3-36
NOVEMBER 2001
PCN: 14400000200
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FOREWORD
This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our
respective comm an ds an d oth er comma nds a s appr opriat e.
This publication is available on the
General Dennis J. Reimer Training
and Doctrine Digital Library at
www.adtdl.army.mil
J OHN N . ABRAMSGeneral, USA
Commander
Tra ining and Doctr ine Comma nd
EDWARD HANLON, J R.Lieut enan t Genera l, USMC
Commanding General
Marine Corps Combat
Development Comma nd
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PREFACE
1. Scope
This un classified publicat ion a ddress es the hows of Army-Marine Corps
Int egrat ion (AMCI) in joint opera tions. It describes the capabilities an d limita tions
of selected Un ited Sta tes Arm y (USA) an d Unit ed Sta tes Mar ine Corps (USMC)
un its a nd pr ovides meth odologies in t he form of tactics, techniques, a nd pr ocedur es
(TTP) for th e integra ted em ployment of th ose units in a joint wa rfight ing
environment.
2. Purpose
This pu blication provides a single-source reference deta iling m ultiser vice TTP
for pla nn ing an d execut ing joint opera tions between Army an d USMC forces.
3. Application
This publicat ion a pplies to the operat ing forces of th e Arm y and Mar ine Corps.
Although th e focus of th e pu blication is a t th e joint force an d component levels, it
has application for planning and warfighting personnel at all echelons.
4. Implementation Plan
Participating service command offices of primary responsibility (OPR) will
review this publicat ion, validate t he inform at ion, reference, and in corpora te it in
service ma nu als, regulat ions, an d curr icula a s follows:
Army. The Arm y will incorpora te t he pr ocedures in th is publicat ion in Armydoctrinal and training publications as directed by the Commander, USA Training
an d Doctrine Comma nd (TRADOC). Distribut ion is in accordan ce with DA Form 12-
99-R.
Marine Corps. The Mar ine Corps will incorpora te th e procedur es in thispublicat ion in USMC doctr ina l and t ra ining publicat ions a s directed by th e
Comma nding General, United Sta tes Mar ine Corps Combat Development Comma nd
(MCCDC). Distribut ion is in accordan ce with Mar ine Corps P ublicat ion Distr ibution
System (MCPDS).
5. User Information
a. TRADOC, MCCDC, and Air La nd Sea Application (ALSA) Cent er d eveloped
th is publicat ion with th e joint pa rt icipation of th e appr oving service comman ds.
ALSA will review an d up dat e th is publicat ion a s necessar y.
b. This publication reflects curr ent joint a nd ser vice doctrine, comma nd and
cont rol orga nizat ions, facilities, personn el, responsibilities, an d pr ocedures.
Cha nges in service pr otocol, app ropriat ely reflected in joint an d ser vice pu blications,
will likewise be incorpora ted in r evisions to th is docum ent .
Marine Corps: PCN 14400000200
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c. We encour age recomm ended chan ges for improving th is publication. Key your
comm ent s to specific pages an d par agra phs a nd pr ovide a r at iona le for ea ch
recomm enda tion. Send comm ent s an d recomm enda tions to
Army
Commander
US Army Training and Doctrine Command
ATTN: ATDO-A
Fort Monroe VA 23651-5000
DSN 680-3153 COMM (757) 727-3153
Marine Corps
Commanding General
US Marine Corps Combat Development CommandATTN: C42 (Director)
3300 Russell Road, Suite 318A
Quantico VA 22134-5021
DSN 278-6234 COMM (703) 784-6234
ALSA
ALSA Center
ATTN: Director
114 Andrews Street
Langley AFB, VA 23665-2785DSN 575-0902 COMM (757) 225-0902
E-mail: alsa.director@langley.af.mil
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*FM 3-31.1 US Army Training and Doctrine Command
Fort Monroe, Virginia
*MCWP 3-36 Marine Corps Combat Development Command
Quantico, Virginia
21 November 2001
AMCIArmy and Marine Corps Integration in Joint Operations
TABLE OF CONTENTSPage
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................xi
CHAPTER I ORGANIZATION AND FUNDAMENTALS
Background ...................................................................................... I-1
Un ited St at es Arm y (USA) Corps ................................................... I-2Hea vy Notional Arm y Brigade ....................................................... I-2
Mar ine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) ...................................... I-4
Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) ............................................... I-5Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB) ........................................... I-5Fu ndam enta ls of Army-Mar ine Corps In tegrat ion AMCI)
Operations ..................................................................................... I-8Augmenta tion Requirement s ......................................................... I-8
CHAPTER II COMMAND AND CONTROL
Background ..................................................................................... II-1Terminology .................................................................................... II-1Comma nd Relationships ................................................................ II-1
Organ ization of Forces ................................................................... II-3Liaison ............................................................................................ II-4Comm an d an d Cont rol (C2) Comm un icat ions .............................. II-6Army Tactical C2 Syst em (ATCCS) ............................................... II-7
Notiona l Arm y Brigade C2 Organ izations an d Fa cilities ............ II-8
Notiona l Arm y Brigade Commun icat ions Architectu re ............. II-10MEB C2 F acilities ........................................................................ II-12MEB Communications ................................................................. II-13AMCI Commu nications ................................................................ II-15
*This publication supersedes FM 90-31 and MCRP 3-3.8, 29 May 1996.
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CHAPTER III INTELLIGENCE
Background .................................................................................... III-1
Terminology ................................................................................... III-1
Intelligence Responsibilities ......................................................... III-1Notiona l Arm y Brigade Int elligence ............................................ III-2
Notiona l Army Brigade I nt elligence Organizat ions .................... III-3MAGTF In telligence Organ izations ............................................. III-6AMCI In telligence Opera tions ...................................................... III-8
CHAPTER IV MANEUVER
Background .................................................................................... IV-1
Notional Army Brigade Ground Maneuver Organizations ......... IV-1Man euver of the Notiona l Army Brigade ..................................... IV-4MEB Maneuver Organizations ..................................................... IV-6Maneuver of the MEB ................................................................... IV-8
Integra ted Maneuver a nd Complementa ry Capabilities .......... IV-10
CHAPTER V FIRE SUPPORT
Background ..................................................................................... V-1
Fire Support Coordinat ing Measures (FSCMs) ............................ V-1
Notional Army Brigade Fire Support Operations ........................ V-1Army Aviation ................................................................................. V-6MEB Fire Support Opera tions ...................................................... V-6Integra ted Fire Support Opera tions ............................................. V-8
CHAPTER VI ENGINEER OPERATIONS
Background .................................................................................... VI-1Terminology ................................................................................... VI-1
Notiona l Army Brigade Oper at ions .............................................. VI-1
MEB Engineer Operat ions ........................................................... VI-2Integra ted Engineer Operat ions .................................................. VI-8
CHAPTER VII AVIATION
Background ................................................................................... VII-1
Army Aviat ion Overview .............................................................. VII-1
Capabilities a nd Limitat ions ....................................................... VII-4Comma nd a nd Control .................................................................VII-5Plann ing Considerations .............................................................VII-7Mar ine Aviat ion .......................................................................... VII-12
Aviation Comba t E lement .......................................................... VII-12Mar ine Aviation Fu nctions ........................................................ VII-13Notiona l Army Brigade Under MEF Cont rol ............................ VII-22MEB Un der Arm y Corps Contr ol .............................................. VII-24
Commu nications Integra tion ..................................................... VII-29
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CHAPTER VIII AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE
Background .................................................................................. VIII-1
Integra ted Army a nd Marine Corps Air a nd Missile
Defense Operations ................................................................... VIII-1Army Air a nd Missile Defense Oper at ions ................................ VIII-7
MEB Operat ions ........................................................................ VIII-12Comma nd a nd Control .............................................................. VIII-12MAGTF Air a nd Missile Defense Or ganizat ions a nd
Equipment ............................................................................... VIII-13
CHAPTER IX ADMINISTRATION AND LOGISTICS
Background .................................................................................... IX-1Authority for Logistics Oper at ions ............................................... IX-1J oint Logistics F un ctions .............................................................. IX-2Notiona l Arm y Brigade Logistics Or ganizat ions ......................... IX-2
Notiona l Arm y Brigade Logistics Oper at ions ............................ IX-12MEF Logistics Orga nizat ions ..................................................... IX-14
MEB Logistics Opera tions .......................................................... IX-19
Integrated Logistics .................................................................... IX-21
Logistics Status Reporting .......................................................... IX-30
APPENDIX A UNITED STATES ARMY CORPS ...................................................A-1
APPENDIX B MARINE AIR-GROUND TASK FORCES (MAGTFs)...................... B-1
APPENDIX C REPORTING FORMATS .................................................................C-1
REFERENCES............................................................................................. References-1
GLOSSARY .....................................................................................................Glossary-1
INDEX .................................................................................................................... Index-1
FIGURES I-1 Notiona l Arm y Brigade ....................................................... I-3
I-2 Notional Marine Corps Expeditonary Brigade .................. I-6
III-1 Notiona l Arm y Brigade Direct Sup port
Militar y In telligence (MI) Compa ny ............................... III-4
III-2 Int elligence an d Reconn aissa nce Units/Assets ................ III-6
III-3 MEF G-2 Section ............................................................... III-7
III-4 Int elligence Batt alion ........................................................ III-7
IV-1 Notiona l Arm y Brigade Mecha nized Infant ry
Battalion .......................................................................... IV-2
IV-2 Notiona l Arm y Brigade Tan k Ba tt alion ........................... IV-3
IV-3 Marine In fant ry Regimen t ................................................ IV-7
IV-4 Light Armored Reconn aissa nce Compa ny ....................... IV-8
V-1 Notiona l Arm y Brigade F ire Su pport Coordin at ion
Organizations ................................................................... V-2
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V-2 Notiona l Arm y Brigade F ield Artillery Or gan ization ....... V-3
V-3 Multiple Laun ch Rocket System (MLRS) Batt ery ............ V-5
V-4 Notiona l MEB Art illery Ba tt alion ..................................... V-7
V-5 Mar ine Air Comma nd a nd Cont rol System (MACCS)/
Force Fires Coordin at ion Cent er (FFCC) /Fir e Support
Coordinat ion Cen ter (FSCC) Relationships .................... V-8
VI-1 Notiona l Army Brigade En gineer Bat ta lion .................... VI-2VI-2 Notional MEB Engineers .................................................. VI-3
VI-3 MEB Ground Combat Element (GCE) Combat
Engineer Compan y .......................................................... VI-4
VI-4 MEB Air Combat Elemen t (ACE) Marin e Wing Su pport
Squadron .......................................................................... VI-5
VI-5 MEB Brigade Ser vice Support Group (BSSG)
Engineer Compan y .......................................................... VI-7
VII-1 Notiona l MEF ACE Or ganizat ion .................................. VII-13
VII-2 Close Air S upport (CAS) Request Pr ocedur es ............... VII-16
VII-3 Helicopter S upport Team (TM) ......................................VII-20
VII-4 US Army/USMC Air Oper at ions Conn ectivity .............. VII-25VII-5 CAS/Air Int erdiction (AI) Sup port Request
Channels ....................................................................... VII-26
VII-6 Immediate CAS Request Ch ann els ............................... VII-27
VII-7 Airlift Support Request Chan nels ................................. VII-28
VIII-1 Dissemination Measures Between Corps an d
ME B ............................................................................... VIII-6
VIII-2 Dissemination Measur es Between th e MEF an d
Notiona l Arm y Brigade ................................................. VIII-6
VIII-3 Notiona l Army Br igade Air Defense Artillery (ADA)
Organization .................................................................. VIII-9
VIII-4 Corps ADA Brigade Organ ization ................................. VIII-10
IX-1 Forward Su pport Batt alion ............................................... IX-2IX-2 Sam ple Corps S upport Group (-) ...................................... IX-7
IX-3 Notiona l Brigade Service Support Group ...................... IX-16
IX-4 Aviation Combat Elemen t Logistics Or ganizat ion ........ IX-18
IX-5 Logistics C2 N otiona l Arm y Brigade U nder MEF ......... IX-22
IX-6 Notional Combat Support Battalion in
Supp ort of a ME B .......................................................... IX-22
IX-7 MEB Logistics C2 Un der Corps Cont rol ........................ IX-23
A-1 Notiona l US Army Corps ...................................................A-1
A-2 Hea vy Armored Cavalr y Regiment ....................................A-2
TABLES I-1 Notiona l Army Brigade Ca pabilities
and Limitations Sum mary ................................................ I-4
I-2 Capa bilities and Limita tions of th e MEB .......................... I-8
I-3 Notional Army Brigade Augmentation Requirements ...... I-9
I-4 MEB Augmenta tion Requirement s .................................. I-10
II-1 Liaison Requ iremen ts from Notiona l Arm y
Brigade to MEF ................................................................ II-5
II-2 Liaison Requirement s from MEF to
Notiona l Arm y Brigade .................................................... II-5
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II-3 Liaison Requir ement s from MEB t o Corps ....................... II-6
II-4 Liaison Requir ement s from Corps to MEB ....................... II-6
II-5 Notiona l Arm y Brigade Comm an d Group Fu nctions
an d Chara cteristics .......................................................... II-9
II-6 Notiona l Arm y Brigade Tactical CP Fu nctions a nd
Characteristics .................................................................. II-9
II-7 Notiona l Army Brigade Main CP Fu nctions andCharacteristics ................................................................ II-10
II-8 Notiona l Army Br igade Rear CP F unctions a nd
Characteristics ................................................................ II-10
II-9 Notiona l Arm y Brigade Signa l Plat oon
Capabilities/Limitat ions Summ ar y ................................II-11
II-10 Notiona l Arm y Brigade Signal S ection
Capabilities/Limitat ions Summ ar y ................................II-11
II-11 MEB DS Comm un icat ions Compa ny (Reinforced)
Capabilities and Limitations Summa ry ........................ II-14
II-12 Typical Comm un icat ions Systems Available
from Marine Corps DS Communications Company(Reinforced) and Notiona l Arm y Brigade Signal
Section ............................................................................. II-15
III-1 Notiona l Army Brigade Oper at ions P latoon
Capabilities ...................................................................... III-5
III-2 Int elligence Bat ta lion Ca pabilities ................................... III-8
III-3 Notional Army Brigade Collection/Electronic Warfare
(EW) Capabilities ............................................................ III-9
III-4 MEB Collection/EW Capabilities .................................... III-10
IV-1 M2 Bra dley Fighting Vehicle Cha ra cteristics .................. IV-2
IV-2 M1064A3 (120mm) Mort ar Cha ra cteristics ..................... IV-3
IV-3 M1A1 Abra ms Tank Ch ar acter istics ................................ IV-4
IV-4 Notiona l Arm y Brigade Maneu ver SpaceRequirements ................................................................... IV-5
IV-5 Un opposed Movement Ra tes ............................................. IV-6
IV-6 MEB Mobility Asset s ......................................................... IV-9
IV-7 AMCI Operations Complementary Capabilities
(Amph ib Operat ions/Pa ssage of Lines) ........................ IV-10
IV-8 AMCI Operations Complementary Capabilities
(Movement to Cont act) .................................................. IV-11
IV-9 AMCI Operations Complementary Capabilities
(Attack) .......................................................................... IV-11
IV-10 AMCI Operations Complementary Capabilities
(Breaching/River Crossing Opera tions) ....................... IV-12
IV-11 AMCI Operations Complementary Capabilities
(Defend) .......................................................................... IV-13
IV-12 AMCI Operations Complementary Capabilities
(Retrograde) ................................................................... IV-14
IV-13 Opposed Rates of Movement in Km /h ............................ IV-15
IV-14 Major Weapons an d Aircra ft Summ ar y .......................... IV-17
V-1 Army F ire Support Coordinat ion Organizations and
Coordinators ..................................................................... V-1
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V-2 Fir epower Compar ison of MLRS an d
155mm H owitzer .............................................................. V-4
V-3 MEB Tar get Acquisition Assets ......................................... V-8
V-4 Inh eren t Responsibilities of Art illery Sta nda rd
Tactical Missions ............................................................ V-10
V-5 Cha ra cteristics of MEB a nd Notional Arm y
Brigade Artillery ............................................................. V-11V-6 MLRS Ammu nition Plan ning Figures ............................ V-14
V-7 Notiona l Army Brigade Art illery E xtern al
Commu nications Net Stru ctur e When Opera ting
with MEF ........................................................................ V-16
V-8 MEB Artillery External Communications Net
Str ucture When Operat ing with Corps ......................... V-17
VI-1 Notiona l Army Brigade En gineer Bat ta lion
Equipment ....................................................................... VI-2
VI-2 Notiona l Comba t E ngineer Compa ny (Reinforced)
Equipment in Support of a MEB GCE ........................... VI-4
VI-3 Marine Wing Support Squadron (MWSS)(Fixed-Wing) Engineer Equ ipment ................................. VI-6
VI-4 Notiona l En gineer Compa ny (Reinforced)
Equipment in Support of a MEB BSSG .........................VI-7
VI-5A Mobility Tasks ................................................................... VI-8
VI-5B Coun ter mobility Task s ...................................................... VI-9
VI-5C Sur vivability Task s ............................................................ VI-9
VI-5D General E ngineering Tasks ............................................ VI-10
VII-1 Possible Army Aviat ion Task F orce .................................. VII-2
VII-2 Army Aviat ion Missions ................................................... VII-3
VII-3 Arm y Aviation Capa bilities an d Limita tions .................. VII-4
VII-4 Aviation Deep Operations GO/NO-GO
Planning Matrix ............................................................. VII-9VII-5 Asset Capa bilities for Antiair War fare Task s ............... VII-14
VII-6 TACP/FACP Personnel ...................................................VII-19
VII-7 MEB Fixed-Wing Aircra ft Ca pabilities .........................VII-21
VII-8 MEB Rota ry-Wing Aircraft Capa bilities ....................... VII-22
VII-9 Arm y Aviation Aircra ft Capa bilities an d
Limitations ................................................................... VII-23
VII-10 Arm y Aviation Comm un icat ions Equ ipment
Summary ....................................................................... VII-31
VII-11 USAF/USMC/USN Fixed-Wing Aircraft
Commu nicat ions Summ ar y ......................................... VII-32
VII-12 TACP/FAC Commu nications E quipmen t ...................... VII-33
VIII-1 Inh eren t Responsibilities of Air Defense
Standard Tactical Missions ........................................... VIII-3
VIII-2 Types a nd Cap abilities of Army ADA Weap ons ............. VIII-7
IX-1 FSB Supp ly Compa ny Ca pabilities/Major
Equipment ....................................................................... IX-3
IX-2 MSB Augmen ta tion of Notional Arm y Brigade ............... IX-5
IX-3 Corps Direct Support (DS) Supply Capa bilities .............. IX-9
IX-4 Supp ly Compa ny (DS) Major E quipmen t ......................... IX-9
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IX-5 Ammun ition Compan y (DS) Major E quipmen t ............. IX-10
IX-6 Maint ena nce Compa ny (DS) Capa bilities ...................... IX-10
IX-7 Maintenance Company (DS) Major Equipment ............. IX-11
IX-8 Combat Service Support Organizations ......................... IX-15
IX-9 Illustr at ive Class III Consumption Ra tes ...................... IX-26
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THIS P AGE INTENTIONALLY LEF T BLANK
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Army and Marine Corps Integration (AMCI) in Joint Operations
This publ ication-
Provides multiservice tactics , techniques , and procedures focusing
on the integrated e mployme nt of United States Army (USA) and
United States Marine Corps (USMC) forces .
Provides various ope rational tools for comma nde rs and joint
planne rs in tas k-organizing Army an d USMC forces .
Our na tional militar y stra tegy recognizes todays un cert ain world requ ires flexible
an d inter operable forces tha t can r espond quickly to th e mult itude of potentia l crises
tha t ma y threat en United Stat es vital nat ional interests. To respond to these crises,
th e na tions evolving force str uctur e mu st be both capable an d responsive toimplement a nd enforce the stra tegy tha t will protect our n at ional interests. The
exact composition of a given force depends on t he n at ur e of th e crisis and t he
prevailing str at egic politico-militar y environm ent . Such ada ptive force packaging
seeks t o maximize the capa bilities of opera tional execut ion. This publicat ion focuses
on one t ype of force packaging a vailable to the joint wa rfight ing commun ity: th e
integra ted em ployment of Army an d USMC forces.
Chapter I
Organizat ion and Fundamen ta l s
Cha pter I pr ovides an overview of selected Arm y an d USMC forces, an d describesth e orga nizat ion, capabilities, an d limitat ions of a n otiona l Arm y brigade an d a
Mar ine Expeditiona ry Brigade (MEB). It also discusses th e fun dam ent als of
integra ted opera tions to ma ximize th e capabilities of one force to counter balan ce the
vulnera bilities of th e other.
Chapter II
Command and Control
Cha pter II pr ovides an overview, principals, an d r esponsibilities of comm un icat ions.
It describes comman d a nd contr ol (C2) orga nizat ions, facilities, and commun icat ions
ar chitectu re of both a notiona l Army brigade an d MEB.
Chapte r III
Intel l igence
Cha pter II I addr esses int elligence support of AMCI opera tions. It highlights
selected t erm s an d defines t he r esponsibilities of the var ious in telligence
organizations that support the joint force.
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Chapter IV
Maneuver
Chapt er IV defines man euver at the operat ional a nd t actical levels of war a nd
describes a joint Arm y-USMC persp ective on m an euver. It focuses on ma neu ver
from both a notiona l Army brigade an d MEB an d includes a discussion of ma neu verfrom a n int egrat ed vant age point . Specific topics include: AMCI opera tional
capabilities, ta ctical plan ning consider at ions, r ecomm ended em ployment options,
and a recapitulation of major weapons systems a nd a ircra ft.
Chapter V
Fire Support
Cha pter V defines fire support opera tions. It discusses Arm y and USMC service
perspectives on fire support , selected coordin at ing measu res, an d fire su pport
tactics, techniques and procedures to support integrated combat operations.
Chapter VI
Engineer Operations
En gineers provide comm an ders with significant capa bilities to assist th em in
mu ltiplying th e batt le effectiveness of both m an euver a nd fire. Cha pter VI describes
engineer sup port to comba t operat ions. It esta blishes comm on termin ology an d
addresses Army an d USMC engineer C2, organizations, and equipment . It a lso
offers a n int egrat ed appr oach to plann ing and executing th ose operat ions by cross-
walking engineerin g capa bilities regar ding the four comm on pr imar y fun ctions of
mobility, countermobility, survivability, and general engineering.
Chapte r VII
Aviation
Cha pter VII fam iliar izes comm an ders a nd st affs on th e mission, capa bilities,
limitat ions, C2, a nd plan ning factors for employmen t of respective service a viation
organizations. It a lso describes AMCI operat iona l and augment ation requirement s.
Chapte r VIII
Air and Miss i le Defen se
Cha pter VIII addr esses joint force air an d missile defense opera tions. It pr ovides
th e basis for a comm on lexicon an d deta ils opera tions from Arm y an d USMCperspectives.
Chapter IX
Administration an d Logist ics
Cha pter IX defines a ut hority, responsibilities, a nd cont rol of logistics su pporting t he
joint force. This chapt er a lso includes a discussion of integr at ed logistics usin g the
six logistics functions a s th e fram ework (supply, ma inten an ce, hea lth ser vices,
tr an sporta tion, oth er ser vices, and civil engineering).
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PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS
The following comm an ds a nd a gencies pa rt icipated in th e developmen t of this
publication:
CommandantUnited S tates Army comm and an d General Staff Col lege
ATZL-FD-CD
1 Reynolds Ave
Fort Leavenworth , KS 66027-1352
Commandant
United S tates Army Infantry School
ATTN : ATSH-ATD
Fort Benn ing, GA 31905-5000
Commandant
Uni ted States Army Enginee r School
ATTN: ATSE -DOT
Fort Leonard Wood, Mo 65473-8929
Commandant
United State s Army Signal Cente r and School
ATTN: ATZH-CDC
Fort Gordon, GA 30905-5090
Commandant
U.S. Army Field Artil lery Sch ool
ATTN: ATSF -DDDFort Sill, OK 73503-5600
Commandant
United States Army Armor Sch ool
ATTN : ATZK-MW-DTD
Fort Knox, KY 40121-5200
Commandant
United States Army Air Defens e Arti l lery Sc hool
ATTN : ATSA-DT
Fort Bliss, TX 79916-3802
United S tates Army Combined Arms Sup port Command an d Fort Lee
ATN: ATCL-CDD
3901 A Avenue
Fort Lee, VA 23801
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Marine Corps Combat Deve lopmen ts Comman d
Joint Doctr ine Branch
3300 Russell Road, 3rd Floor, Suit e 318A
Quantico, VA 22134-5021
HQDA, ODCSOP S (DAMO-SS P )
400 Army Pen ta gon
Washington D.C. 20310-0400
HQ INSCOM
ATTN: IAOP-SP
Fort Belvoir, VA 22060
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I-1
Chapter I
ORGANIZATION AND FUNDAMENTALS
The nature of modern warfare demands that we fight as a team....
Effectively integrated joint forces expose no weak points or seams toenemy action, while they rapidly and efficiently find and attack enemy
weak points....
(Joint Publication (JP) 1, Joint Warfare of the Armed Forces of the United
States)
1. Background
Given t he expan se of options a vailable to joint pla nn ers in t ask -orga nizing
Unit ed Sta tes Arm y (USA) an d Unit ed Sta tes Mar ine Corps (USMC) forces, this
publicat ion pr ovides two bas e cas es for discus sion. Thes e two cas es focus on
comm an d an d cont rol (C2) of a n otiona l arm y brigade by a Marin e Expeditiona ry
Force (MEF ) and C2 of a n otional Mar ine Expeditionar y Brigade (MEB) by an Army
corps.
a. Notional Army Brigade. The notiona l army brigade serves as the center piece
for t he discussions t ha t follow. Thr oughout th is text, notional ar my brigade refers to
a t ailored, ea rly-deploying arm or-heavy/mecha nized force. The Arm y has four
differen t t ypes of divisions: light, hea vy, airborne, an d air assa ult. The most likely
scenar io for Army an d USMC cont ingencies is th e use of a br igade from a hea vy
division. See Appendix A, Un ited St at es Arm y Corps, for an overview of oth er Army
forces th at ma y employ with USMC forces. The ra tionale for u sing th e notiona l arm y
brigade is t hr eefold:
(1) A notiona l arm y brigade will likely be the init ial mechan ized force
deployed in a cont ingency situ at ion r equiring a mechan ized capa bility.
(2) Notiona l arm y brigades a re ideally suited to deploy and linku p with
prepositioned Arm y equipmen t.
(3) Notiona l arm y brigades featur e unique capabilities that complement
USMC capa bilities.
b. Notationa l MEB. Throughout t his text, MEB refers to Marine Air-Ground
Task Force (MAGTF) out lined in Mar ine Corps Bu lletin 3501. This MEB is cent ered
ar ound the equipment a nd su pplies loaded on th e ships of a Ma ritime Pr epositioning
Ship Squa dron (MPSRON ). This MEB is also comm only referr ed to as a Ma ritime
Pr epositioning F orce (MPF ) Brigade. For t he sa ke of consist ency, an y reference to
amph ibious operations will be based on t he pret ense th at the Mar ines and
equipmen t of th is notiona l MEB are emba rk ed on am phibious shipping. See
Appendix B, Mar ine Air-Groun d Task Forces (MAGTFs ) for an overview of differen t
type USMC forces th at ma y employ with Army forces.
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2. United States Army (USA) Corps
The corps, comm an ded by a lieut ena nt genera l, is designed to conduct operat ions
at th e ta ctical or opera tional level of war an d norm ally fights a s par t of a lar ger joint
or mu ltina tional force with in th e cont ext of campa igns or ma jor operat ions. See
Appendix A an d F ield Manu al (FM) 3-100.1 (100-15), Corps Oper at ions, for furt her
information.
a. Composition. Becau se corps differ in size an d composition, ther e is no
sta nda rd organ ization. Depending on th e preponder an ce of ar mored, mechan ized, or
light infant ry comba t u nits, a corps can be cha ra cterized as hea vy, light, or mixed.
Corps a re t ailored for t he specific requ iremen ts of th e mission. Genera lly, a corps
cons ists of:
(1) Two to five divisions
(2) A corps a viat ion br igade
(3) Corps art i llery
(4) A mu ltifun ctiona l corps su pport comm an d (COSCOM)
(5) A nu mber of comba t, comba t su pport (CS), and comba t ser vice support
(CSS) units t ha t can r an ge in size from compa nies to brigades.
3. Heavy Notional Army Brigade
The h eavy notiona l arm y brigade is orga nized to fight su ccessive bat tles on an y
par t of the bat tlefield in conventional, nuclear, or chemical environmen ts. This k ind
of unit feat ur es th e mobility, firepower, an d su rvivability n eeded to destr oy enemy
forces by fire an d ma neu ver an d disru pt en emy opera tions by fire. An Arm y brigade
is commanded by a colonel.
a. Organization. There is no stan dard organizat ion for an Army brigade. A
notiona l ar my brigade is u sed in t his pu blication to show what forces ma y compose a
brigade du ring operat ions in which it may be integra ted with the Marine Corps.
Specific composition depen ds on th e following:
(1) Strat egic si tuation
(2) Nat ure of the contingency mission
(3) Forces available
(4) Mission, enemy, terra in an d weath er, tr oops an d support a vailable, and
time available (METT-T/METT-TC) ana lysis of the par ticular situa tion th at r equired
the deployment and employment of the brigade.
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(Note: The Arm y uses ME TT-TC, adding civil considerat ions as a sixth a rea
of an alysis. Civil considerat ions r elate to the at titu des an d activities of th e
civilian lead ers, populations, and organ izations with in an ar ea of operat ions
an d th e impact th ey have on th e conduct of militar y opera tions.)
Figure I-1 represents a notiona l army brigade . The model is not absolute for th e
un its or t ypes and qu an tities of weapons portr ayed; its function is to serve as a
comm on point of depar tu re for su bsequent discussions th roughout t he publicat ion.
Figure I-1. Notional Army Brigade
Note: This is a notional orga nizat ion. These as sets will be provided according to
METT-T/METT-TC and a vailability. It will be difficult for t he Army to provide
the multiple laun ch r ocket system (MLRS) battery a nd t he a viation batt alion.
b. Capabilities and Limitat ions. The notiona l arm y brigade perform s missions
assigned by higher headqu ar ters a nd conforms to tha t comma nder s intent and
concept of opera tion. Although capable of acting indepen dent ly, th e brigade
norma lly condu cts opera tions as pa rt of a la rger force. Table I-1 lists capabilities
and limitations of the notiona l army brigade.
X
II II I
SPT
II IIII IIII II
MI MP
44 44 44 18
6
24
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Table I-1. Notional Army Brigade Capabilities and Limitations Summary
Capabilities Limitations
C2 up to five ground and air maneuver Mobility restricted by jungle and dense
battalions and supporting CS and CSS forests, steep and rugged terrain, andunits significant water obstacles
Conduct range of sustained offensive Brigade consumes significant
and defensive combat operations quantities of Class III, V, and IX supplies
Conduct covering force operations Strategic mobility limited by
Conduct security operations available air and sea lift
Penetrate enemy forward defenses and Bridging capability limited and comes
rapidly maneuver to operational depths from the reserves
Combine effects of inherent maneuver Heavy dependence on radio and digital
speed and firepower to exploit communications
opportunities for decisive action Significant logistics support required for
Pursue and destroy enemy forces long administrative ground moves
Conduct defensive operations of delay Capability for dismounted operations
Rapidly conduct linkup operations limited Perform as multinational reserve Logistics lines of communications (LOCs)
Perform role as breakout/counterattack dependent and vulnerable to enemy
force in forcible entry operations activity
Assist breakout of encircled forces No forcible entry assault capability
Aviation assets may not be available
Deliberate decontamination capability
limited
No airmobile operations capability
without lift helicopter support (helicopter
mix provided) and additional training.
Limited organic intelligence, surveillance,
and reconnaissance (ISR) capability
4. Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF)
The specific composition of MAGTFs depends upon th e r equirem ent s of a
par ticular mission, but t he basic orga nizat ion is sta nda rd. Ea ch MAGTF consists of
a comm an d element (CE), a ground comba t elemen ts (GCE), an aviat ion comba t
element (ACE), and a comba t ser vice support element (CSSE).
a. CE. The CE consists of the MAGTF comma nder, an executive staff,
hea dqua rt ers sections, comm un icat ions, and other service support sections. The CE
serves a s t he focal point for MAGTF operat iona l execut ion in coordin at ing an d
directing th e effort s of assigned a viation, groun d, an d CSS forces.
b. GCE. The GCE is task organized around combat an d CS units and can r ange
in capa bility an d size from a single reinforced rifle compan y to one or more
rein forced Ma rin e divisions (MARDIVs).
c. ACE. The ACE plans and executes air opera tions for th e MAGTF. Marine
aviation functions include air reconna issance, ant iair war far e, assau lt support,
offensive air support , electr onic warfar e (EW), an d cont rol of aircra ft an d missiles.
The ACE var ies in size from a reinforced helicopter squ adr on t o one or m ore Marin e
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Air Wings (MAWs). Like th e GCE, the ACE is also ta sk organ ized with appropriate
CS and CSS.
d. CSSE. The CSSE is task organized to provide the necessary CSS to
accomplish th e MAGTF mission. Based on situ at iona l requ iremen ts, CSSEs var y in
size from an expansive Force Service Support Group (FSSG) that supports a MEF to
the Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) Service Support Group (MSSG) that supports
a MEU.
5. Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF)
The MEF, th e lar gest MAGTF, is th e Mar ine Corps prima ry wa rfight ing force.
The ME F m ay consist of one or m ore MARDIVs, one or more MAWs, an d possibly
more tha n one FSSG. An MEF (single division/wing/FSS G) featu res a pproxima tely
55,000 Marin e Corps a nd N avy personnel, 300 fixed an d rota ry-wing air craft, 300
comba t vehicles, and 72 ar tillery pieces.
6. Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB)
The specific composition depen ds on the sa me conditions th at dicta te t he t ask
orga nizat ion of the notiona l arm y brigade described ear lier. Figur e I-2 shows th e
orga nizat ion of a n otional ME B. As with the notiona l army brigade, th e model is not
absolute for the units or types and quan tities of weapons port ra yed but designed t o
serve as a comm on point of depar tu re for ensu ing discussions. The MEB is th e mid-
sized MAGTF an d is norma lly comm an ded by a brigadier gener al. The MEB bridges
the gap between t he MEU at the t ip of the spear, and t he MEF, our principal
war fighter. Like all MAGTFs, th e MEB is comprised of th e CE, GCE, ACE, an d
CSSE. The GCE is norm ally a rein forced infan tr y regimen t while the ACE is
cent ered on a composite Mar ine Aircraft Group (MAG), compr ised of both rota ry a nd
fixed-wing assets. The CSSE is comm only referr ed to as a Brigade Ser vice Support
Group (BSSG) and is capa ble of susta ining th e fighting force for a pproximately 30
days.
a. Mission. The MEB mission is to plan , coordinat e, and conduct sust ainable
combined arms combat and other expeditionary operations across the spectrum of
conflict. MEB ta sks include:
(1) Independent operations ran ging from forcible entr y to hum an itarian
assistance.
(2) Deployment to Comm an der in Chiefs (CINC) area of responsibility (AOR)as pa rt of joint or combin ed force
(3) Pr oviding a nu cleus Joint Task Force Headqua rter s (J TF HQ)
(4) En abling follow-on forces
(5) Being prepar ed to act a s th e Marine Corps Service Component
(6) Being prepar ed to serve as the a dvance echelon of a MEF
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Figure I-2. Notional Marine Corps Expeditionary Brigade
b. MEB Comma nd Element. The MEB comma nd element pr ovides C2 forelement s of th e MEB. It u sua lly includes t he following elemen ts:
(1) Detachment (Det), MEF Headquarters Group
(2) Det, Intelligence Batt alion
(3) Det, MEF Liaison Element
(4) Det, Commu nicat ions Bat talion
(5) Det, Radio Batt alion
(6) Force Reconna issance Compan y
c. GCE. The GCE is normally formed ar ound a reinforced infan try regiment . It
usu ally includes th e following element s:
(1) Headqua rt ers Compan y (reinforced)
(2) 3 to 5 Infantr y Battalions
INFANTRY
GROUND COMBATELEMENT (REININFANTRY REGT)
TANK COMPANY
ASSAULT AMPHIBIAN
LIGHT ARMORED
ARTILLERY BATTALION
INTELLIGENCE BN DET
RADIO BN
FORCE RECON
COMMUNICATION
CIVIL AFFAIRS
MHG DET
COMMAND ELEMENT(CE)
RECONNAISSANCE BN
COMBAT ENGINEER
VMM/HMM
VMAQ VMGR
MARINE WING
MARINE AVIATION
MARINE AIR
HEADQUARTERS
TRANSPORTATION
SUPPLY COMPANY
COLLECTION
SURGICAL SUPPORT
DENTAL DETACHMENT
ENGINEER SUPPORT
MAINTENANCE
BULK FUEL COMPANY
COMBAT SERVICESUPPORT ELEMENT
(BSSG)
AVIATION COMBATELEMENT
(COMPOSITE MAG)
MEB
VMFA/VMFAALL WEATHER (AW)
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I-7
(3) Artillery Bat talion
(4) Armor, as sa ult a mph ibious veh icle (AAV), and light ar mored veh icle (LAV)
capabilities as required
(5) Reconnaissance
(6) Combat En gineer
d. ACE. The ACE is a composite MAG task -organ ized for th e assigned mission.
It usu ally includes th e following element s:
(1) Fixed Wing Squad rons F-18C/D, AV-8B, EA-6B, and KC-130
(2) Rota ry Wing Squ adr ons CH-46, MV-22, CH-53E, UH-1, an d AH-1
(3) Det, Mar ine Air Contr ol Group (MACG)
(4) Det, Mar ine Un ma nn ed Aeria l Vehicle (UAV) Squa dron (VMU)
(5) Det, Marine Air Support Squa dron (DASC)
(6) Det, Marin e Air Contr ol Squadr on (TAOC)
(7) Det, Marin e Tactical Air Comma nd Squ adr on (MTACS)
(8) Det, Mar ine Air Tra ffic Cont rol
(9) Det, Mar ine Wing Support Gr oup
(10) Marine Wing Su pport Squadr on(s)
e. CSSE. The brigade CSSE is task-organized to provide CSS beyond th e
capability of the supported air a nd ground elements. It u sually includes th e
following elemen ts :
(1) Engineers
(2) Supply
(3) Tran sporta tion
(4) Landing Support-Beach, Port, Airfield
(5) Medical
(6) Maintenance
(7) Services
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Table I-2 describes the capa bilities an d limitat ions of the MEB.
Table I-2. Capabilities and Limitations of the MEB
Capabilities Limitations
C2 several maneuver battalions, a Marine Limited ground capability to counterair group, and associated CS and CSS extensive enemy armor threat
units Limited numbers of ground mobility
Conduct amphibious assaults, raids, assets constrain tactical mobility to
demonstrations, withdrawals and other approximately one battalion by ground
amphibious operations transport.
Seize advanced operating bases Limited capability to conduct mounted
Conduct vertical assaults and ground maneuver operations
envelopments Limited protection and decontamination
Conduct sustained combat operations capabilities in nuclear, biological and
ashore as part of a larger force to achieve chemical (NBC) environments
campaign or major operations objectives Limited indirect counterfire capability
Provide close and deep air support and Limited bridging capabilities. Armored
aerial reconnaissance. Vehicle Launched Bridges (AVLB) are
Achieve local air superiority to support in active forces while the rest of bridging
ground operations. is in the reserves.
Conduct EW Limited organic ISR capability
Conduct dismounted operations in all
geographic environs
Conduct military operations in urban
terrain
Coordinate naval support of ground
operations
Conduct military operations other than
war
7. Fundamentals of Army Marine Corps Integration (AMCI) Operations
The ba sic principle for effectively int egra ting a nd employing Arm y an d US MC
forces as a joint war fightin g tea m is t o maximize the capabilities of one force to
coun ter balan ce th e vulner abilities of th e oth er. To achieve th at en d, requ iremen ts
for a dditiona l exter na l forces and a ssets m ust be identified and r esourced, comm an d
relationships must be established, and the force must be task organized for
operational planning and execution.
8. Augmentation Requirements
In some circumst ances, the notiona l arm y brigade a nd t he MEB ma y fight in the
configur at ions depicted in F igures I-1 an d I-2 respectively. In m ost cases, h owever,
both forces requ ire augmen ta tion to condu ct sust ained comba t opera tions. The
au gment at ion m at rix foun d in Table I-3 provides a sum ma ry of some of th e
augment ation the n otiona l arm y brigade ma y require to operat e as pa rt of a MEF.
The table also identifies potential sources for the required augmentation assets.
Table I-4 provides similar da ta for t he MEB when it opera tes a s par t of an Army
corps. The tables illustra te ra ther tha n prescribe; specific requirement s ar e
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I-9
situat ion dependent. Augmenta tion requirement s are addr essed in greater deta il in
succeeding fun ctiona lly focused chapt ers.
Table I-3. Notional Army Brigade Augmentation Requirements
Type Operations From From
USMC Army
C2 Liaison X X
Communications X X
Military police X
Civil affairs X X
Intelligence Long range reconnaissance and surveillance X X
Intelligence and electronic warfare X X
Communications X X
Maneuver Combat forces X X
Fire Support MLRS XEW X X
Target acquisition X X
Naval gunfire spotters X
Mobility/Survivability Combat engineers X X
Bridging X
Chemical X
Aviation Air support (fixed wing) X
Air support (rotary wing) X X
Maneuver (rotary wing) X X
Air Defense SHORAD/HIMAD X X
C2 X X
Logistics Class III operations X
Class IV operations X
Class V operations X
Medical support (USN) X
Transportation X
Personnel X
Terminal operations X X
Maintenance XClass IX operations (limited) X
Mortuary Affairs X
Psychological Operations X
Legend:MLRS multiple launch rocket systemSHORAD short range air defenseHIMAD high to medium altitude air defenseUSN United States Navy
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I-10
Table I-4. MEB Augmentation Requirements
Type Operations From From
USMC Army
C2 Liaison X XCommunications X X
Military police X
Civil affairs X X
Intelligence Long range reconnaissance and surveillance X X
Intelligence and electronic warfare X X
Communications X X
Maneuver Combat forces X X
Fire Support MLRS X
EW X XTarget acquisition X X
Naval gunfire spotters X
Mobility/Survivability Combat engineers X X
Bridging (from reserves) X X
Chemical X
Aviation Air support (fixed wing) X
Air support (rotary wing) X X
Maneuver (rotary wing) X X
Air Defense SHORAD/HIMAD XC2 X
Logistics Class III operations X
Class V operations X
Medical support (USN) X
Transportation X
Personnel X
Terminal operations X X
Maintenance X
Mortuary Affairs XPsychological Operations X
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II-1
Chapter II
COMMAND AND CONTROL
1. Background
This chapt er pr ovides an overview of the C2 system , the p rinciples of C2, an d th e
responsibilities for C2 comm un icat ions. It a lso describes the C2 orga nizat ions,
facilities, and comm un icat ions a rchitectur e of both a notiona l arm y brigade and a
MEB.
2. Terminology
The joint lexicon feat ur es a var iety of ter ms a nd a cronyms t ha t define th e
concept of C2. Thr oughout ensu ing discussions, commandrefers to th e J FCs vested
aut hority as defined in J P 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF).C2 indicates
th e process which comm an ders u se to plan, direct, coordin at e, an d cont rol forces toaccomplish ass igned missions. The C2 system , the comm an d, cont rol an d
comm un icat ions (C3) system , or t he comm an d, cont rol, comm un icat ions, a nd
compu ter (C4) system consists of those integra ted systems of doctr ine, procedur es,
organizations, personnel, equipment, facilities, and communications that support
the comma nder.
3. Command Relationships
J oint force comman ders (J FCs) esta blish a ny of th e basic comm an d relat ionsh ips
to facilita te C2 of th e joint force. Thes e include oper at iona l cont rol (OPCON),
ta ctical cont rol (TACON), support, or a tt achm ent of forces with th e t ype of comman d
relat ionsh ip specified a s discussed below:
a. OPCON. OPCON may be exercised at a ny echelon a t or below the level of the
combat ant comma nd. OPCON is inh erent in combat an t comma nd (COCOM) an d is
th e au th ority to perform th ose functions of comm an d over su bordina te forces
involving organ izing an d employing comm an ds a nd forces, assigning ta sks,
designat ing objectives, an d giving a ut horita tive direction necessar y to accomplish
th e mission. OPCON includes aut horita tive direction over all aspects of militar y
opera tions an d joint t ra ining necessary to accomplish a ssigned missions.
(1) OPCON is norm ally exercised thr ough ser vice component comman ders.
OPCON, in an d of itself, does n ot include au th orita tive direction for logistics ormat ters of administra tion, discipline, interna l organization, or unit tr aining.
OPCON does include the a ut hority to delineat e fun ctiona l responsibilities and
geogra phic AOR of subordina te comman ders.
(2) OPCON is also exercised by functiona l componen t comm an ders over
assigned and att ached forces and other forces as esta blished by J FCs.
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II-2
b. TACON. TACON may be exercised by comm an ders a t an y echelon at or below
th e level of COCOM. TACON is th e deta iled and u sua lly local direction an d cont rol
of movement s or man euvers n ecessar y to accomplish a ssigned missions or ta sks.
TACON pr ovides sufficient au th ority for cont rolling an d directing t he a pplicat ion of
force or t act ical us e of comba t su pport a sset s. TACON does not provide for
administra tive and logistic support ; the comma nder of the par ent unit continu es to
exercise th ose responsibilities un less oth erwise specified in t he est ablishing
direct ive. TACON is typically exercised by funct iona l component comma nd ers over
militar y capa bility or forces made a vailable for tas king th at ar e not assigned or
attached to the functional component.
c. Support. A support relationship is established by a senior comma nder between
subordina te comm an ders wh en one orga nizat ion sh ould aid, protect, complement, or
susta in an other force.
(1) J FCs may establish support relationships within th e joint force to
enh an ce unity of effort for given operat iona l ta sks, emph asize or clar ify priorities,
provide a subordina te with an add itiona l capa bility, or combine t he effects of similaras set s. The following definit ions a re from J P 0-2, UNAAF.
(a) Mutual Support . Mutual support is the action tha t units render each
other against an enemy because of their assigned tasks, position relative to each
other an d to th e enemy, and inherent capa bilities.
(b) General Support (GS). GS is the a ction th at is given to the supported
force as a whole rat her tha n t o a par ticular subdivision t hereof.
( c) D i rect Sup por t (DS) . DS s uppo r t i s a m i s s i on r equ i r i ng a fo rce
to supp or t a no th er spe cif ic forces requ es t fo r ass i s t an ce .
(d) Close Support. Close support is the a ction of th e supportin g force
against t ar gets or objectives th at ar e near enough t o the supported force as to
requ ire deta iled int egra tion or coordin at ion of th e support ing action with fire,
movemen t, or other actions of th e sup ported force.
(2) Esta blishing supported a nd supporting relationships between components
is a useful option t o accomplish n eeded ta sks. This concept a pplies equa lly to all
component s of th e joint force. Ea ch subordina te elemen t of the joint force can be
support ed by other element s.
(3) As sta ted in J P 0-2, UNAAF, Un less limited by th e esta blishin g directive,
th e comman der of th e supported force will ha ve the au th ority to exercise gener al
direction of th e support ing effort . Gener al direction includes t he designa tion of
ta rgets or objectives, timing, dur at ion of th e supportin g action, an d oth er inst ru c-
tions necessar y for coordinat ion a nd efficiency. The su pporting comm an der is r e-
sponsible for ascertaining th e needs of the supported comma nder and ta king the
necessar y action t o fulfill these n eeds within existing capa bilities, consistent with
priorities and requirement s of other assigned tasks.
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II-3
(4) The esta blishing directive indicat es th e pur pose of the support action in
ter ms of th e effect desired and t he scope of th e action t o be tak en. It sh ould include:
(a) The str ength of forces allocated to the support ing mission.
(b) The time, place, and dura tion of the supporting effort.
(c) The priority of the su pport ing mission relative to the other missions of
th e support ing force.
(d) The au th ority, if an y, of th e support ing force to depart from its
support ing mission in t he event of exceptional opport un ity or a n em ergency.
(e) The general or special au thority for a ny operat iona l or other
instr uctions t o be issued by th e forces being support ed or by oth er a ut hority in th e
action a reas.
d. Atta chmen t. Atta chmen t is the temporary placement of a unit into an otherorga nizat ion. Subject to limitat ions placed by th e att achm ent order, th e receiving
comm an der h as t he sa me degree of C2 an d th e sam e responsibilities for logistics an d
administra tion over th e unit(s) received as over organic units. The at tachment order
should specify the su pply an d ma intena nce requirements in t erms of what the
receiving and pa ren t u nit will provide.
4. Organization of Forces
Once th e J FC h as est ablished comma nd r elationships, the r eceiving MEF or
corps comm an der m ay exercise several options in organ izing th eir forces. In
addit ion t o the r ecommended options described below, th e J FC m ay a lso elect t o
esta blish TACON or sup port r elationships in organ izing th e joint force.
a. For th is discussion, we will illustra te t he comma nd r elationships for both
scenar ios: a n otional ar my brigade at ta ched to a MEF, and a MEB at ta ched to an
army corps.
(1) Notiona l Army Brigade to a MEF:
(a) Pr ovide th e notional a rmy brigade OPCON/TACON to the MEF for
employment by the comma nder a s a sepa ra te ground combat element .
(b) Pr ovide th e notional a rm y brigade OPCON/TACON to the MEF GCEcomma nder a s a separ ate m aneu ver force.
(c) Pr ovide the notiona l army brigade OPCON/TACON to a designat ed
MARDIV to be employed within th at division comm an der s scheme of man euver.
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II-4
(2) MEB to Corps:
(a) Pr ovide th e MEB OPCON/TACON to an Army corps.
(b) Pr ovide the MEB OP CON/TACON to an Army division.
b. Tra nsfer of Units. Army an d Marine Corps forces are stru ctur ed to operat e
most efficiently usin g service doctr ine a nd ta ctics, techniques, a nd procedur es (TTP).
However, there will be situations where circumstances dictate the need to transfer
un its at levels below th e notiona l arm y brigade or ME B in order to optimize th e
capabilities of th e joint force a nd accomplish th e m ission.
5. Liaison
Liaison teams contribute to successful integrated operations and reduced
insta nces of frat ricide. To be effective, liaison t eam s mu st be pr operly tr ained,
planned for, and int egrated into all major hea dquar ters elements. In Army an d
Mar ine Corps int egrat ion (AMCI) opera tions, robust liaison provides critical linka gebetween Arm y and Mar ine un its an d contr ibutes to the su ccess of th ose opera tions.
Liaison provides current expertise and representation for critical planning,
coordinat ion, a nd execution. (See Tables II -1 thr ough II-4.)
a. Dut ies. Liaison officers (LNOs) advise the sending and receiving
comma nders. The sending comma nder is assisted in determ ining requirement s,
priorities, and requ ired a llocations. The r eceiving comm an der is a dvised on
capabilities, ta ctics, and doctr ine of th e sending comman d. The sta tu s of th e sending
an d receiving comm an ds is monitored to ma inta in a basis for advising. LNOs act as
a t wo-way condu it t o coordin at e an d facilitat e th e flow of support an d inform at ion
between comma nds.
b. AMCI Liaison Requirement s. Comma nders must ensur e their liaison teams
ar e adequa tely mann ed an d equipped to execute 24-hour operations a nd can
comm un icat e with t heir pa ren t element s. The following tables provide
recomm ended liaison excha nges between Arm y and Mar ine un its dur ing AMCI
operations.
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Table II-1. Liaison Requirements from Notional Army Brigade to MEF
Function Notional Army Brigade to MEF
C2 To GCE (command liaison)
To GCE (G-6 liaison)Intelligence To Intelligence Battalion
To GCE G-2
Maneuver To GCE G3
To adjacent units as required
Fire Support To Force Fires Coordination Center (FFCC) and Senior FireSupport Coordination Center (FSCC)
Engineer To MEF engineer
Aviation To ACE
To GCE G3 air
Air Defense To ACE
To GCE G3 air
Logistics To Force Service Support Group (FSSG)
To GCE G-4
Note: Tables II-1 to II-4 depict the areas, which will require liaison, however,neither service will be able to provide this high number of liaisons. Therefore,liaison officers may be required to interact with several functions of the otherservice.
Table II-2. Liaison Requirements from MEF to Notional Army Brigade
Function MEF to Notional Army Brigade
C2 To notional army brigade signal officer
Intel To Direct Support Military Intelligence (MI) company as required
Maneuver Lateral exchange as required
Fire Support To notional army brigade tactical (TAC) fire support element (FSE)
To main FSE
Engineer To notional army brigade Main Command Post (CP)
Aviation To notional army brigade TAC CP
Forward Air Controllers (FACs) to maneuver battalions as required
Air Defense To notional army brigade main CP
Logistics To rear CP
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Table II-3. Liaison Requirements from MEB to Corps
Function MEB to Corps
C2 To Command Group
To Corps G-6
Intelligence To Corps G-2
Maneuver To G3
Lateral exchange as required
Fire Support To Corps FSE
To maneuver units as required
Engineer To Corps engineer BDE CP
Aviation To Corps operations (G3 air)
To maneuver units as required
Air Defense To Corps air defense element or brigade CP
Logistics To Corps support group
To Corps G-4
Table II-4. Liaison Requirements from Corps to MEB
Function Corps to MEB
C2 To Command Group
To MEB G-6
Intelligence To Intelligence Battalion (BN)Maneuver Lateral exchange as required
Fire Support To MEB FSCC and GCE FSCC
Engineer To MEB engineer
Aviation To ACE
To G3 air
Air Defense To ACE
Logistics To BSSG
To G-4
6. Command and Control (C2) Communications
a . Th e t er m C2 communications encompasses t he m eans by which t he comma nd
tra nsmits a nd r eceives informa tion a nd orders.
b. Service Responsibilities.
(1) Pr ovide, operat e, and maint ain the C2 facilities organ ic to its own ta ctical
forces, including organic service elements.
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(2) Pr ovide, operat e, an d mainta in termina l equipment on defense
comm un icat ions s ystem a ccess circuits, circuits r equired for comm un icat ions with
element s of oth er services, an d a ssociated circuit facilities.
(3) Pr ovide, operat e, and ma intain int eropera ble and compat ible C2 systems
for dist ress, disas ter, emergency, an d sa fety a s directed by proper a ut hority.
c. Latera l Commu nications. Responsibility for establishing latera l
communications between adjacent units may be fixed by the next higher commander
or by esta blishing or ada pting sta nding opera ting procedur es (SOPs). When
responsibility is not fixed by orders, comm an ders esta blish comm un icat ions on a
geogra phical basis from left t o right a nd from the r ear forwa rd.
7. Army Tactical Command and Control System (ATCCS)
a. ATCCS is a groun d mobile, deployable network of comm on har dwar e an d
softwa re for echelons a t corps a nd below. Its pu rpose is to assist comm an ders a ndth eir sta ffs to obta in a n ear rea l-time a ccess to comman d critical inform at ion
requirements (task organization, maneuver, engineer, NBC, signal, Army airspace
C2, fire su pport, a ir defense, intelligence an d electr onic warfar e (IEW), CSS,
resources, and enemy situation) through a force level database.
b. The ATCCS architectu re includes five component bat tlefield fun ctions a na lysis
systems:
(1) The Maneu ver Contr ol System (MCS) is th e primar y aut omat ed decision
support /inform at ion system supporting the ta ctical comman der an d staff. The MCS
provides th e fun ctiona l applicat ions n ecessa ry to access an d ma nipula te th e force
level inform at ion da ta base a nd sa tisfy all sta ted comm an der s critical inform at ion
requ iremen ts. MCS also allows effective an d timely contr ol of curr ent comba t
opera tions (deep, close, and r ear ), an d th e developmen t a nd distr ibution of plans a nd
estimates in support of futu re operations.
(2) The All Sour ce Ana lysis System (ASAS) is th e int elligence a nd E W
component of the ATCCS. It is a deployable, computer -assisted int elligence and E W
an alysis, report ing, and techn ical cont rol system. ASAS receives an d ra pidly
processes lar ge volumes of comba t inform at ion a nd sen sor report s from all sour ces to
provide timely and accurate targeting information, intelligence products, and threat
alert s such a s collection ma na gement , int elligence processing an d report ing, high
value/high payoff ta rget pr ocessing an d nomina tions, and comm un icat ionsprocessing an d inter facing.
(3) The F orwar d Area Air Defense Comma nd, Control, Commu nicat ions, a nd
Int elligence (FAAD C3I) System p rovides th e au tomat ed inter face between t he
Forwar d Area Air Defense System (FAADS) and th e C2 nodes within th e ATCCS.
Fu nctiona l applicat ions include:
(a) Alertin g supported field forces of impen ding air a ction.
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(b) Pr oviding hostile aircra ft cueing to forwar d ar ea a ir defense (FAAD)
units.
(c) Pr oviding rapid disseminat ion a nd a cknowledgment of air bat tle
man agement informa tion.
(d) Pr oviding exchan ge, processing, and display of air defense comm an d
information.
(e) Pr oviding an au tomated decision support for t he plann ing,
coordinat ing, cont rolling, an d executing of air defense su pport.
(4) The Combat Ser vice Support Contr ol System (CSSCS) provides critical,
timely, integr at ed, au tomat ed logistical in form at ion to include a ll classes of supply,
critical systems ma intena nce statu ses, and CSS un it locat ions a s well as integrat ed
logistic plan ning t ools. It is ut ilized by batt alion t hr ough echelon above corps (EAC)
logistic comm an ders an d sta ffs.
(5) The Advan ced F ield Art illery Tactical Da ta System (AFATDS) provides
au toma ted decision support for t he fire support fun ction, to include joint a nd
combined fires. The AFATDS provides a fully integra ted fire supp ort C3 system,
giving the fire support coordin at or aut omat ed support for plan ning, coordin at ing,
cont rolling, and execut ing close su pport, coun ter fire, int erdiction, a nd suppr ession of
enemy a ir defense (SEAD) system s. AFATDS perform s all th e fire su pport
opera tional functions, t o include au tomat ed allocat ion a nd dist ribut ion of fires ba sed
on t ar get value ana lysis.
8. Notional Army Brigade C2 Organizations and Facilities
a. The notiona l army brigade comma nder comma nds an d cont rols thr ough an
orga nizat iona l stru ctur e tha t includes th e comm an d group, TAC CP, main CP, an d
rea r CP. Tables II-5 th rough II-8 describe th e fun ctions a nd char acter istics of each
of these organ izations.
b. Comma nd Group. The notiona l ar my brigade comma nd group consists of the
comm an der an d staff necessar y to help comm an d and cont rol th e fight. Per sonnel
include t he in telligence st aff officer (S2), oper at ions st aff officer (S3), fire su pport
coordinat or (FSCOORD) (Note: USMC uses th e a cronym fire support coordinat or
(FSC), an d Un ited S ta tes Air F orce (USAF) a ir liaison officer (ALO), (USMC u ses Air
Officer ). METT-T/METT-TC ma y dicta te inclus ion of th e engineer, air defense, an d
aviat ion officer, subordin at e comm an ders, or special sta ff officers. Becau se th ecomm an d group fights t he bat tle from t he location of the comm an der, it is a sm all,
highly mobile organ ization th at displaces with th e ebb an d flow of the t actical
situation.
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Table II-5. Notional Army Brigade Command Group Functions and Characteristics
Primary Functions Influence the battle
Issue planning guidance
Conduct ongoing close operations
Disseminate the commanders intent
Characteristics Comprised of notional army brigade commander and selected
personnel
Led by commander
Small size affords reduced physical and electronic signatures
Can relocate to any position on battlefield
Communicates on move
c. TAC CP. The TAC CP conducts on-going close oper at ions . The TAC CP
provides t he comm an der with a sma ll sta ff composed of S2, S3, fire support , ALO,
aviat ion, air defense, an d oth er personn el as requ ired. The TAC CP opera tes wellforwa rd in t he notiona l ar my br igades a rea of operat ion (AO), typically within
several kilometers of the forwa rd edge of th e bat tle ar ea (FE BA) or forwa rd line of
own tr oops (FLOT), depending on th e situ at ion. It affords t he comman der th e
capabilities of exercising C2 over th e notional ar my brigade an d plan ning close
operations.
Table II-6. Notional Army Brigade Tactical CP Functions and Characteristics
Functions Controls ongoing close operations
Provides the commander with combat critical information
Maintains current close operations situation
Disseminates the commanders decisions
Characteristics Positioned forward in brigade AO
Operates in mounted or dismounted modes
Organized as a single, cohesive cell
Small, highly mobile
Comparatively low electronic signature to provide security
Controlled by brigade S3
d. Main CP. The main CP or ta ctical opera tions cent er (TOC) providescontinuity
for notiona l ar my brigade opera tions by synchronizing th e entire C2 system . Thema in CP m onitors t he close fight, plans fut ur e opera tions, condu cts deep opera tions,
and coordinat es combat, CS, an d CSS r equirements t o support ongoing and futu re
opera tions. The ma in CP includes cur ren t opera tions, plan s, intelligence, fire
support , comm un icat ions, a nd Army a irspa ce comman d a nd contr ol (A2C2) sections.
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Table II-7. Notional Army Brigade Main CP Functions and Characteristics
Functions Assists the brigade and task force
Plans future operations
Coordinates operations throughout the depth of the AO Synchronizes CS and CSS assets
Executes planned deep attacks
Monitors the close fight
Conducts rear operations
Keeps higher headquarters informed
Coordinates with adjacent units
Maintains continuous operations for extended periods
Assumes C2 of close operations if the TAC CP is destroyed
Characteristics Organized by functional cells
Operates in mounted or dismounted modes
Positioned in brigade rear area
Controlled by brigade executive officer (XO)
e. Rear CP. The rear CP sustains th e force during cur rent operations, forecasts
futu re CSS requirement s, and conducts rea r operations. The personnel or
ma npower st aff officer (S1) cont rols the rea r CP an d norm ally collocates with th e
forwar d support bat talion (FSB) CP in t he brigade support ar ea.
Table II-8. Notional Army Brigade Rear CP Functions and Characteristics
Functions Tracks current battle
Sustains current deep and close operations
Forecasts future CSS requirements
Conducts detailed CSS planning
Serves as the entry point for units entering the brigade rear area
Coordinates with the FSB CP (collocate)
Characteristics Positioned in brigade support area
Collocates with forward support battalion
Operates in mounted or dismounted modes
Controlled by the S4
9. Notional Army Brigade Communications Architecture
Two sour ces provide comm un icat ions su pport for t he n otional ar my brigade: th e
communications platoon organic to the brigade headquarters and a signal section
provided by the divisions signa l bat ta lion.
a. Notiona l Army Brigade Commu nications Platoon. Table II-9 describes the
capabilities and limitat ions of the comm un icat ions pla toon organ ic to th e notiona l
ar my brigades headqua rt ers a nd h eadquar ters compan y (HHC).
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Table II-9. Notional Army Brigade Signal Platoon Capabilities/Limitations Summary
Capabilities Limitations
Provide FM radio net (network) control No mobile subscriber equipment
communications. (MSE) capability.
Install, operate, and maintain internal wire Limited ability to establish externalcommunications. connectivity.
Install, operate, and maintain FM radio Limited communications redundancyretransmission to higher HQs. and equipment.
Install, operate, and maintain IHFRcommunications.
Provide tactical facsimile (FAX) capability.
Manage COMSEC material.
Provide local area network (LAN)management and connectivity into the
wide area network (WAN).
b. Signal Section. A signal section from division a ssets a lso provides
commu nicat ions su pport to the n otional a rmy brigade. The section a ugments the
capabilities of th e signal platoon a nd pr ovides the n otional ar my brigade a ccess an d
conn ectivity int o th e MSE net work . Table II-10 describes the capabilities and
limitat ions of the signa l section.
Table II-10. Notional Army Brigade Signal Section Capabilities/Limitations Summary
Capabilities Limitations
Provide secure long haul multichannel tactical Cannot support full range
satellite (TACSAT) communications connectivity of MEF MSE requirements.
into higher HQs communications network.
Increased requirement to logistically
Provide secure net radio interface into the support additional signal assets
MSE network.
Provide MSE automated switching service to
network subscribers.
Install and maintain MSE network for the
notional army brigade.
Install, operate, and maintain secure single
channel (SC) TACSAT communications.
Provide remote access unit (RAU) coverage
sufficient to support the notional army brigade
force.
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10. MEB C2 Facilities
MEB CPs a re t he facilities (e.g., buildings, stru ctur es, ships, tent s, and veh icles)
used by the comm an der a nd st aff at each echelon t o plan , direct, cont rol, an d
coordinat e opera tions of assigned forces.
a . The Main Echelon. The primary inter ests of the ma in echelon ar e directing
curr ent operations an d planning futu re operat ions. The main CP is organized into
two sections: the current operations staff and future operations staff.
(1) Current operations sta ff:
(a) Supervises mission execution.
(b) Coordinat es combat operat ions.
(c) Coordinates r equired CSS.
(d) Ha ndles close and deep operat ions occurr ing with in 12-72 hour s.
(2) Futu re operations sta ff:
(a) Plan s futur e, close, and deep operations beyond 72 h our s.
(b) Coordinat es the C2 organization an d support system.
(c) Monitors cont inuit y of MAGTF opera tions.
(d) Deter mines friendly and en emy possible cour ses of action.
(e) Develops execution plans with key decision points a nd a lterna te plans.
(f) Ensu res synchronization of operat ing systems in opera tion plans,
bran ches, an d sequels.
b. The Rear Echelon. The rea r echelons primar y mission is to provide support to
forces condu cting comba t opera tions. The r ear echelon is locat ed close enough t o
perform dut ies with out engaging in close combat. The rea r CP pr ovides C2 over
rear-area security operat ions, terra in mana gement within th e rear ar ea,
sustainment operations, control of administrative moves, and other associated
functions. The r ear echelon is often positioned nea r m ajor port s, airfields, ortelecomm un icat ions facilities, or it can r ema in sea-based.
c. The Tactical Echelon. The prima ry pur pose of th e tactical echelon (commonly
referr ed to as th e com m and group ) is t o provide th e comm an der with freedom of
movemen t an d the inform at ion critical to situa tional awar eness. Typically, th e
ta ctical echelon consist s of the comm an der a nd r epresen ta tives from th e intelligence,
opera tions, an d comm un icat ions sta ff sections. The ta ctical echelon must h ave the
mobility and C2 su pport commensu ra te with its sta ted pur pose.
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11. MEB Communications
a. Organization. The organization char ged with t he overall responsibility of C4
is the CE. J ust a s the other elements of the MEB are ma de up of subordinat e units
th at perform var ious m issions a nd fun ctions, t he CE of a notiona l MEB consist s of a
num ber of comma nd support organizations as required, but tr aditiona lly includes:
(1) A headqua rt ers compan y.
(2) The general staff sections.
(3) A reinforced DS comm un icat ions compa ny. The DS commun icat ions
compa ny of th e MEB comes from th e MEFs comm un icat ions ba tt alion. The
compa ny is ta sk organized to support t he functions discussed below. Ther e will also
be augment ation from t he Genera l Support Company, Service Compan y an d
Headqua rter s Compan y from th e Commu nications Batta lion.
b. Fu nctions. The elements of the MEB must be supported with commu nicat ionsresour ces whether a float or a shore. When the MEB CE is sea-based, the Na vy
am phibious ta sk force pr ovides conn ectivity to t he N ava l Telecomm un icat ions
System (NTS). When ash ore, the MEB CE pr ovides entry into the NTS or the
Defense Commu nications System (DCS). Table II-11 shows comm un icat ions
capabilities and limitat ions a ssociat ed with th e DS commun icat ions compa ny
assigned to the MEB CE.
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Table II-11. MEB DS Communications Company (Reinforced)
Capabilities and Limitations Summary
Capabilities Limitations
Provides CE with SC (VHF, HF, UHF, SHF) Limited numbers of SC UHFportable and mobile radio sets, to include SATCOM radios.
SC UHF SATCOM (AN/PSC-3/5).
Provides CE multichannel (LOS UHF, SHF, and Cannot directly connect to
SHF SATCOM) connectivity to subordinates and MSE network via a SEN due to a
higher units as part of the communications DTGs signaling format difference.
network (AN/TRC-170, MRC-142, AN/TSC-85/93). can only be established between
ULCS (AN/TTC-42, SB-3865) MSE
Provides CE with internal wire, telephones, and switches (AN/TTC-47/48/39D)
phone switching system (digital and analog), to using CCIS trunks at NSC & LEN
include STU-III, DSVT, DNVT, AN/TTC-42, points of entry.
SB-3865 & SB-3614.
Provides CE with an AUTODIN entry capability, to Limited communications repair
include stand alone GENSER and DSSCS capabilities.
personnel computers and follow on possibility of
a message center (AN/MSC-63).
Provides CE with a tactical FAX (UXC-7A) Limited communications
capable of radio or wire interface. redundancy in equipment and
personnel.
Provides CE with a secure E-mail to subordinate
units using a LAN. LAN includes direct
server-to-server and dial up capabilities.
Provides CE with DCS and or NTS access
(DSCS, FLTSATCOM, or HF DCS entry) with
(AN/TSC-85, AN/TSC-96, or AN/TSC-120).
LEGEND
AUTODIN automatic digital network LAN local area network
CCIS Common Channel Interswitch Signaling LEN large extension node
DCS Defense Communications System LOS line of sight
DSSCS Defense Special Security SATCOM satellite communications
Communications System SC single channel
DNVT digital nonsecure voice terminal SEN small extension node
DSVT digital subscriber voice terminal SHF super high frequencyDTG date time group STU-III secure telephone unit III
FLTSATCOM fleet satellite communications ULCS unit level circuit switches
GENSER general service
HF high frequency
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12. AMCI Communications
For effective C2, the comm an der a nd st aff rely on comm un icat ions syst ems t ha t
facilita te t he pa ssing of inform at ion qu ickly and accur at ely, in both secure a nd
nonsecure modes. At the brigade/regiment level and below, the Arm y and t he
Mar ine Corps u se similar equipmen t (see Table II-12). Comm un icat ions challenges
include interoperability issues, communications procedures, standard message
form at s, an d comm un icat ions secur ity (COMSEC).
Table II-12. Typical Communications Systems Available from Marine Corps DS
Communications Company (Reinforced) and Notional Army Brigade Signal Section
Capability DS COMM CO Notional Army Brigade
(reinforced) Signal Section
Combat Net Radio (CNR)/ MRC-145 PRC-119
single channel radio (SCR) PRC 119 VRC-88, 89, 90, 91, and 92
VRC-88PRC 113
Switching TTC-42 MSE-TTC-47, TTC-48
SB 3865
SB 3614
Message center MSC 63A
COMSEC VINSON KY-57 VINSON, DSVT, KY-99
ANDVT KY-99
DLED KG-84C
Tactical FAX UXC-7A UXC-7A/B
Telephones DNVT-TA-1042 and 954, DNVT TA-1042, DSVT KY-68
DSVT KY-68 Analog TA-312, 838, TA-1035
Analog TA-312, 838, and and STU-III
STU-III
Multichannel TRC-170 V3
MRC-142
UHF TACSAT MRC-140 MST-20
PSC-5 PSC-5
AN/TSC-96
SHF Multichannel GMF SAT TSC-93 AN/TSC-85, AN/TSC-93
HF MRC-138 AN/GRC-193, PRC-104
PRC-104
AN/TSC-120
Navigational aids MSE GPS w/GCE EPLRS
NCS (2), SEN (8), RAU (2), R-
RAU (2)
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a. Inter operability. USMC and Army un its use SC frequency modulation radios
to commun icat e at lower u nit levels. Both services ma ke us e of UHF TACSAT,
alth ough t he Mar ine Corps h as fewer TACSAT assets t ha n th e Arm y. The Arm y
employs MSE extensively and when operating with Marine Corps units should
consider pr oviding MSE to Marine un its at critical int erface points. One technique
is to au gment t he notional ar my brigade with a signa l comm un icat ions compa ny (-)
from t he division signa l batt alion t o provide MSE connectivity between th e TOC an d
brigade su pport ar ea (BSA) and t heir MAGTF count erpar ts.
b. Commu nications Procedures and Considerations.
(1) Plann ing. Pr ocedura l planning and coordinat ion prevents inter operability
conflicts tha t ma y ham per C2 effectiveness. Ea ch service ha s its own peculiar
procedur es and equipment . Int eropera bility-specific procedur es tha t assist in
effective C2 execution are discussed below:
(a) UH F