Post on 15-Jun-2020
transcript
THE LEARNING COLLECTIVE
the-learning-collective.com
MEMORYANDRETENTIONSTRATEGIESMakingrevisionmorefunandmoreeffective!
Priortotryingoutthe10memoryandretentionstrategiesprovided,readthroughthefollowingabridgedinformationabout…
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Darwin'stheoryofevolutionexplainshowspeciesoflivingthingshavechangedovergeologicaltime.Thetheoryissupportedbyevidencefromfossils,andbytherapidchangesthatcanbeseentooccurinmicroorganismssuchasantibiotic-resistantbacteria.Manyspecieshavebecomeextinctinthepastandtheextinctionofspeciescontinuestohappen.
Darwin's Finches DarwinstudiedthewildlifeontheGalápagosIslands-agroupofislandsontheequatoralmost1,000kilometreswestofEcuador.Henoticedthatthefinches-songbirds-onthedifferentislandstherewerefundamentallysimilartoeach
other,butshowedwidevariationsintheirsize,beaksandclawsfromislandtoisland. For example, their beaks were different depending on the local foodsource. Darwin concluded that, because the islands are so distant from themainland,thefinchesthathadarrivedthereinthepasthadchangedovertime.Darwinstudiedhundredsmoreanimalandplantspecies.Afternearly30yearsofresearch,in1858heproposedhistheoryofevolutionbynaturalselection.Thebasicideabehindthetheoryofevolutionisthatallthedifferentspecieshaveevolvedfromsimplelifeforms.Thesesimplelifeformsfirstdevelopedmorethanthreebillionyearsago-theEarthisabout4.5billionyearsold.
Natural Selection Thetheoryofevolutionstatesthatevolutionhappensbynaturalselection.Herearethekeypoints:
• Individualsinaspeciesshowawiderangeofvariation.• Thisvariationisbecauseofdifferencesingenes.• Individualswithcharacteristicsmostsuitedtotheenvironmentaremore
likelytosurviveandreproduce.
• Thegenesthatallowedtheindividualstobesuccessfularepassedtotheoffspringinthenextgeneration.
• Individualsthatarepoorlyadaptedtotheirenvironmentarelesslikelytosurviveandreproduce.Thismeansthattheirgenesarelesslikelytobepassedtothenextgeneration.
• Givenenoughtime,aspecieswillgraduallyevolve.
The Horse Oneofthefewanimalsforwhichwehaveafairlycompleteevolutionaryrecordis the horse. All the main stages of the evolution of the horse have beenpreserved in fossil form.Over60millionyears, thehorseevolved fromadog-sizedcreature that lived in rainforests intoananimaladapted to livingon theplainsandstandingupto2metreshigh.Intheprocessitsmulti-toedfeet,thatwereadaptedforwalkingacrosstheforestfloor,evolvedintosingle-toedhoovesmoresuitedforrunningoveropencountry.
Evidence for Evolution - Rapid Changes Rapidchangesinspecieshavebeenobserved.Thesesupportthetheoryofevolution.
Peppered Moths
BeforetheindustrialrevolutioninBritain,most peppered moths were of the palevariety. This meant that they werecamouflagedagainst thepalebirch treesthat they rest on. Moths with a mutantblack colouring were easily spotted andeatenbybirds.Thisgavethewhitevarietyanadvantage,andtheyweremore likelytosurvivetoreproduce.
Airborne pollution in industrial areasblackened the birch tree barkwith soot.Thismeant that themutant blackmoths
were now camouflaged, while the white variety became more vulnerable topredators.Thisgavetheblackvarietyanadvantage,andtheyweremorelikelytosurviveandreproduce.Overtime,theblackpepperedmothsbecamefarmorenumerousinurbanareasthanthepalevariety.
Extinction Individualsthatarepoorlyadaptedtotheirenvironmentarelesslikelytosurviveandreproducethanthosethatarewelladapted. Similarly, it is possible that aspeciesthatispoorlyadaptedtoitsenvironmentwillnotsurviveandwillbecomeextinct.Herearesomeofthefactorsthatcancauseaspeciestobecomeextinct:• changestotheenvironment,suchasachangeinclimate• newdiseases• newpredators• newcompetitors
Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshavebecomeextinctsincelife on Earth began. Extinction isstill happening and a lot of itoccurs because of humanactivities.Wecompetewithotherliving things for space, food andwater,andweareverysuccessfulpredators. The dodo was a largeflightless bird that lived onMauritius, an island in the IndianOcean. The island wasuninhabitedandthedodohadnonaturalpredators.ThenMauritius
wascolonisedbytheDutch in1638.Dodoswerehuntedfor foodandeasytocatchbecausetheywerenotafraidofpeople.Newcompetitorswerebroughtontotheisland,includingpigs,catsandrats,whichatethedodos'eggsandtheiryoung.Within80years,thedodowasextinct.
MEMORYANDRETENTIONSTRATEGIES
1. METHOD OF LOCI BreaktheNaturalSelectioninformationdownintoavisualtourofyourhome,usingitemsinparticularrooms,andintherequiredorder,tobringaconcept,processorfactualinformationalive.Forexample:
• Iwalkedintothekitchenandsawawonderfulvariationofspices.• Icheckedtheironingbasketformydifferenttypesofjeans(genes).• Intheconservatory,Dadwaslisteningtohisnewspeakers.They’re
moreexpensivethanthelastonesbuttheyshouldlastlongerandthesoundreproductionisgreat.
2. ACRONYM Createanacronymthathelpsyourememberkeyinformationabout
extinction.Forexample:ifyouwanttorecallthefactsrelatingtosurvivalofthefittest,environment,competitors,predators,activityofhumansand
dodo,youcancomeupwiththefollowingacronym:SPACED.
3. SPEAK IT: WRITE IT Readthesectiononfinches.Sayitoutloudthenwriteitdownatleastthreetimes!
4. PLAY IT BACK Recordthefactorsofextinctionontoyourphone.Youcanplaybackusingyourownvoice.Playitthroughyourheadphoneswheneveryoucan.Closeyoureyes,whenappropriate,whenlistening.Thisissaidtoimproveyourretention.Ifyou’repushedfortime,playbackatdoublespeed.
5. BIZARRE VISUALS Presenttheinformationonpepperedmothsbydrawingamemorablevisual.Themorebizarreitis;themorechanceyouhaveofrememberingit!
6. TWEET Summarisealltheinformationinnomorethan140characters-aTweet!
7. JIGSAW Taketheinformation,cutitintopiecesandre-assemblelikeajigsaw.
8. YOU TUBE WatchaYouTubevideoonthetopic-makesurethechannelisreputableandpresentsinformationaccurately.
9. RAP ConverttheinformationaboutDodosintoamemorablerap.
10. FORMULA
BreakdownTheTheoryofEvolutionintoamathematicalformulausingsuchsymbolsas+,-,/,x,arrows,shapes.