METABOLISMVOCABULARY

5 BIG CONCEPTS The Basis of metabolism Forms of Energy Laws of Energy Transformation Structure , Function, and Hydrolysis of AT

P Enzymatic Effects on Reactions

The BASIS Metabolism Metabolic pathway Anabolic pathway (biosynthetic pathways) Catabolic pathways (breakdown pathways) Bioenergetics Energy Kinetic Energy Heat Energy Potential Energy Chemical Energy

Forms of Energy Energy

Kinetic energy Heat, or thermal, energy

Potential energy Chemical energy

Law of Energy Transformation Thermodynamics First law of thermodynamics Entropy- a measure of disorder, or

randomness Second law of thermodynamics Spontaneous

Free Energy Free energy Equilibrium- Exergonic reaction Endergonic reaction

ATP Chemical work- Transport work- Mechanical work Energy coupling- ATP ATP Cycle Phosphorylated

Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers

Enzyme Catalyst Activation e

nergy Transition s

tate Substrate Enzyme- su

bstrate complex

Active site Induced fit Cofactors Coenzyme Competitiv

e inhibitors

Noncompetitive inhibitors

Allosteric regulation

Cooperativity

Feedback inhibition

Metabolism the totality of an organism’s chemical

reactions We want increase our metabolism to lose

more weight

Metabolic Pathwaysa series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic

pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway)

Anabolic Pathway(biosynthetic pathways) - metabolic pathway that

consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones

Bioenergeticsthe study of how energy flows through living organisms

Catabolic Pathway(breakdown pathways)- metabolic pathway that releases

energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.

Energythe capacity to cause change

Kinetic Energy energy that can be associated with the relative motion of objects

Diver gains kinetic energy when he gains velocity

Heat Energy kinetic energy associated with the random

movement of atoms or molecules

Potential Energy energy that matter possesses because of its location or

structure As height increases, potential energy increases.

When diving off a diving board, all of the initial energy is potential.

Chemical Energy potential energy available for release in a

chemical reaction.

Thermodynamics the study of the energy transformations

that occur in a collection of matter

First Law of Thermodynamics

(principle of conservation of energy)- energy is transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

Spontaneous a process that can occur without an input

of energy

Free Energy the portion of a system’s energy than can perform work when

temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell

∆G=∆H-T∆S ∆G=Gfinal state- Ginitial state

Equilibrium a state of maximum stability

ReactionsEXERGONIC ENDERGONIC a spontaneous chemical

reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy

a non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings

Energy Coupling the use of an exergonic process to drive

an endergonic one

Types of workCHEMICAL TRANSPORT pushing of

endergonic reactions which would not occur spontaneously

pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement

Mechanical beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, movement of chromosomes during cellular respiration

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)- an adenine-containing nucleoside

triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed; used to drive endergonic reactions in cells

ATP Cycle

Phosphorylated referring to a molecule that is covalently

bound to a phosphate group

Enzyme (the cry) a macromolecule that acts as a catalyst http://

upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/GLO1_Homo_sapiens_small_fast.gif

Catalyst (your crying) a chemical agent that speeds up a

reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Activation Energy(free energy of activation)- the energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break

Transition State when the reactants are in an unstable

condition

Substrate (hugged) the reactant an enzyme acts on

Enzyme-Substrate Complex (the hug)

– a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule (s).

Active Site (hugger) a restricted region of the enzyme molecule that binds to the

substrate; I’m the hugger (active site) and you’re being hugged (substrate)

Induced Fit (hug you real tight) induced by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the

active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate

Cofactors (arms) any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper

functioning of an enzyme. Can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.

Coenzyme an organic molecule serving as a

cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYgdGqk8buQ

Competitive Inhibitor a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering

the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.

Noncompetitive Inhibitor a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to

a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape so that the active site no longer functions effectively.

Allosteric Regulation the binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that

affects the function of the protein at a different site.

Cooperativity a kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one

subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the others, facilitating binding of subsequent substrate molecules.

Feedback Inhibition a method of metabolic control in which the end

product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.