Micro Hydro Power : Water Tower Generator

Oct 26, 2016Team 5

Team 5

■ Darius Wright-Tippins : Project

Manager

■ Komlan Amess: Lead EE

■ Moise Zamor: Lead CE/ WebMaster

■ Olivier Perrault: Financial Manager

Introduction■ Talquin

■ Background

■ Problem

■ Solution

■ Quarterly Projections

■ Conclusion

■ Questions?

Introduction

• Project Sponsor

• Background information

Problem

Solutions

■ The aim of this project is to design a water

tower energy storage system which is

simple, less expensive and reduces cost of

storing water and supplies it to the public:

One of the main intention is to use the water

tower as energy system storage.

Hybrid Hydro-Solar Power System •Small in scale

•Minimum environmental impact

•Site specific:Talquin Plant

•Affordable

•Consistently produces energy

Project Diagram

PV Modules

● Monocrystalline

● Polycrystalline

● Thin film

Pros and ConsTypes Advantages Disadvantages

Monocrystalline Highest efficiency rate 22 to

22.5%

Space-efficiency

Long lifespan (25 years)

Tend to more efficient in warm

weather

The most expensive

Polycrystalline Less cost

Slightly lower heat tolerance

Low efficiency 14 to 16%

Lower space-efficiency

Thin film Look more appealing

Flexible

High temp and shade have less

impact

Lowe space-efficiency

Degrade faster

Solar power tracking System

■Two axis tracker

■Single axis Tracker

Components

❏PV Array -Multiple module

❏Array Disconnect Switch -To isolate if

need

❏Power Conditioning Unit (PCU) -Set the

PV to MPP and convert DC to AC

❏Grid side protection devices -Used to

isolate/Connect to the Grid

PV Design

Annual Evaluation

Controller/ PCU

■ Hybrid controller: they are designed to

integrate all three major components of

our project: the DC load from the solar

array, the AC/DC or three-phase AC from

the turbine, and the power from the

backup.

■ Inverter: AC-DC/DC-AC.

Flow chart of the ProcessSTART

Solar Status

Supply Load

Excessive Power =

Power-Load

Batteries Bank

Turbin

e

Grid

Turbine Types

● Pressure energy converted to kinetic

energy through a nozzle

● Driven by high velocity jet of water

○ Imagine kicking a soccer ball

against paddles to make wheel

turn

● No pressure change in runner

● No required casing

Pelton and Turgo

● Two examples of impulse turbines

● Only difference is the angle of which

water strikes turgo runner

Impulse Turbines

Reaction turbines

■ Fully submersed

■ Exploit the oncoming flow of water

■ Casing required

■ Driven by pressure differential

Kaplan

● Used in low head, high flow systems

○ Typically large reservoirs

● Largest types of generators

○ 200 MW generated from some dam’s

Francis

● Most commonly used in hydro

power systems

● Can be designed for a wide

range of head and flow rates

● Very efficient

● Con: Water flow is slightly

decreased when exiting to

recover pressure

Hydrokinetic Turbine

Types of Systems

Head of Talquin water tower = 33m

Francis Turbine

● Most preferred and reliable turbine

● Contributes 60% of global hydro power capacity

● Operates over the largest range for flow and head parameters

● Power ranges from a few kw to several hundred MW

Storing Renewable

Energy: Batteries

“Chemical engines used

to push electrons around”

Batteries

■ There are number of battery technologies

under consideration for energy storage

◻ Lead acid

◻ Nickel Cadmium

◻ Nickel Metal-Hydride

◻ Sodium Sulphur

◻ Lithium Ion Phosphate

Lead Acid Battery ■ First Rechargeable battery

for commercial use.

■ Dependable and inexpensive

on a cost-per-watt base.

■ Battery is cost-effective for

automobiles, golf cars,

forklifts, marine and

uninterruptible power

supplies.

■ Deep Cycle and Short Cycle

Lead Acid Battery

Deep Cycle (Marine Battery)

■ Deteriorates second

quickest rate

■ Consistent, smooth,

dependable electricity

■ Ideal for expanding low

power over long periods of

time

■ Typically two thick charge

plates; holds large quantities

of charge

Short Cycle

■ Deteriorates at the quickest

rate

■ Built to provide high bursts

of energy over short periods

of time (starting an engine)

■ Charge and discharge rates

very high, (usually split up to

6 plates)

Li-ion PO4 Battery

■ Lithium is the lightest of all

metals

■ Has the greatest

electrochemical potential and

provides the largest energy

density for weight

■ Can be dangerous as they are

highly reactive

■ Requires a charge controller

(which is additional cost)

Lead Acid vs Li-ion PO4Characteristics Lead acid Li-ion PO4

Weight Very heavy 1/3 of lead acid weight

Efficiency Inefficiency,

*Reduce the battery

capacity

About 100% Charge-Discharge

*Same amp hour in-out

Discharge 80% 100%

Cycle life 400-500 cycles in lead

acid

1-2 years

Rechargeable lithium-ion

batteries cycle 5000 times or

more

3-5 years

Voltage Voltage drops

consistently throughout

the discharge cycle

Lower voltage (2V)

Maintain their voltage throughout

the entire discharge cycle =

longer-lasting efficiency of

electrical components

Higher Voltage (3.7V)

Cost Low cost **Higher upfront cost

Environmental Impact Not environmental

friendly

much cleaner technology and

are safer for the environment.

Small scale?

Steps and Goal

Components

■ 5 to 50 gallons of water (water reservoir)

■ Head measurement (height of the tower)

■ Flow measurement ( outlet flow of the water)

■ Design and build turbine generator (or buy one)

■ LED

■ Battery (storage unit)

■ Pipe

■ Pressure gauge

■ Charger controller

■ MCU/ PCU

Equations

P = Q x g x Hnet x ηWhere:

P: power, measured in Watts (W).

Q: mass flow rate in kg/s

g: the gravitational constant, which is

9.81m/s2

Hnet: the net head.

η: the product of all of the component

efficiencies

EquationsThe power required to pump fluid into the water reservoir (tower) is

given by the following expression:

Where E is the energy, t is the time, p is fluid pressure at the base of the tower, and Q is the

volumetric flow rate of the fluid into the tower

EquationsEquation (5) expressed the energy storage capacity for the tower

(reservoir) in joules. To get the kilowatts-hour?

Given InformationQuantities Results

Height of the water tower 120 ft

Volume of the tank 250,000 gallons (US)

Flow rate of water used for generating

energy

900 gallons /min

Power required for the pump 900 kWh – 12hrs

Motor 100 HP (AC)

Require Time (hours) 12

Pressure 60 psi

Solar Panel Module 48V DC / 220 Watts

■ Computing Water Power

Theoretical Power (TH) of our water supply as

either Horsepower or Kilowatts using one of

these formulas:

TH(Horsepower) = Head(ft) X Flow (cft)

8.8

TH(Kilowatt)= Head(ft) X Flow (cft)

11.81

* Note that these are Theoretical Power equations, which do

not account for the inevitable efficiency losses that will occur at

various points within our hydro system. The actual power

output of our generator will be less, as we’ll discuss later.

Power Estimate

Flow Rate = 900 GPM

Total Head = 120 feet

Gross Power Estimate = (120 ft * 900 GPM)/11.81

= 9.14 kW

Gantt Chart

Questions?