Microfossil Importance In

Temperature

BIBEK CHATERJEE(414er2015)

Contents Introduction Why are marine microfossils useful? Ecology study on microfossils Physical environmental factor Temperature of the water1. Influence on distribution2. Influence on test Morphology Role of water depth Study of paleotemperature(Using O isotope) Case Study Reference

MicrofossilMicrofossils are those which can be

study and identified only by their study under microscope .

Foraminifera

What are marine microfossils?

Fossilized remains of small organisms or tiny hardparts of larger organisms.

Plankton Benthic fauna Many different groups representing

animals, and a variety of algae.

Protistan Microfossils

Foraminifera - sarcodina (amoeba)

Benthic forams:-• live in sediments• relatively large

Planktic forams:-• live floating in the water

column• relatively small

Protistan Microfossils

Radiolarians - Spumellarians

Silica

Algal Microfossils

Diatoms - Chrysophyta silica

frustules

Why are marine microfossils useful?

Biostratigraphy :- dating rock layers using fossils.

Environmental reconstruction :- identifying different marine environments in the past.

Paleothermometry :- determining ocean water temperature in the past.

Paleoclimatology :- reconstructing climate change through Earth’s history.

Ecology Study on Microfossils

Ecological study of foraminifera play important role in oceanographic investigations.

They are preferred to other microfossil group because of there abundant .In general, foraminifera occurs in all the different type of marine environment and very rarely in freshwater.

Most foraminifera's are benthic and hence are controlled by such factor like depth, temperature, and the nature of the ocean floor.

They show change of their distribution pattern with change of temperature of oceanic water, they also remarkable latitude variation as regards the abundance of their different groups from equator to pole.

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

TEMPERATURE OF WATER:- It is one of the most important factors for all the marine

organisms particularly unicellular ones like foraminifers. Classification of temperature zones of the modern

oceans:- Polar zone -1.9 to +5 °C Sub polar zone 5 to 10 °C Temperate zone up to 25 °C Sub tropical zone 15 to 33 °C Tropical zone 25 to 36 °C

Temperature controls the ecology of foraminifers due to it horizontal(latitudinal,pole to equator) and vertical distribution(depth or bathymetric zonation).

The role of temperature affect both the distribution and morphology of organisms.

INFLUENCE ON DISTRIBUTION:- The surface layer of 200m undergoes a seasonal variation but

in the range of 200-100m or more the temperature decreases rapidly with the depth.

In the abyssal plain i.e in the cooler layer of temp is up to 4 °C while the surface temp up to 28 °C.

Eventually the cooler layers are characterized by benthic forms dominated by agglutinated tests but the warmer layers are dominated by calcareous tests.

Benthic and planktonic foraminiferid assemblages changes with depth and latitude, especially in relation

to temperature.

Bathymetric zonation of living forms along the southern California coast has 3 depth zones:-

0-37m 11.1 - 20.6 °C 38-74m 9.6 - 14.2 °C 75-180m 8.0 - 11.1 °C

INFLUENCE ON TEST MORPHOLOGY:- Temperature variation in sea water causes variation in size , number of chambers ,

size and spacing of pores , presence and absence of secondary pores and type of coiling of many planktonic foraminifers.

Planktonic foraminifers living in cooler denser water have fewer buoyancy problems and have lower test porosity than those forms living in warm and shallow water.

The benthic improve their buoyancy with a high test porosity and prominent spines those form in warm shallow water.

Some planktonic species can be distinguished by a predominance of right-handed (dextral) forms in warm water(GLOBIGERINA PACHYDEMA) and left-handed (sinistrall) coiled tests in relatively cold water.

Sinisterly and Dextral coiling:-

SUMMARY:-

1) Temperature controls the vital activities of foraminifera.

2) Each species have certain tolerance limits as well as a temperature optimum.

3) A species can only tolerate temperature extremes for a short period.

4) It is the primary factor which controls the geographical as well as vertical distribution of species.

5) It influences the test size and morphology.

ROLE OF WATER DEPTH:-

Water depth controls many factors of marine environment. It is indirectly proportional to temperature , light intensity

and oxygen and directly proportional to pressure and carbonate solubility.

Due to depth variation the benthic assemblage of littoral , neritic , bethyal and abyssal environment vary considerably.

The effects of variation in depth are more pronounced in calcareous forms in comparison to the agglutinated ones.

Depth also causes some changes in the morphology of forms i.e the species may become more rounded , more ornamented or shorter in size with every considerable increment in depth.

Present-day planktonic foraminifera increases in number sharply away from the shore reaching a maximum at continental slope and deep sea.Calcareous benthic foraminifera predominates in sediments of continental shelf and near shore zones.Arenaceous foraminifers are dominantly found in near shore brackish water zone such as marshes and lagoons.

STUDY OF PALAEOTEMPERATURE:-

O16 O18Stable IsotopesOxygen 99.76% .2%

CO2 + H2O = HCO3-1 + H+

2 HCO3-1 + Ca++ = CaCO3 + H2CO3

• O18 is preferentially removed from seawater during calcite formation.

• This effect is sensitive to temperature.• Ratio of O18 / O16 in shell is temperature dependent.

• Can be measured using a mass spectrometer.

Mass Spectrometer

Incr

easin

g 18

O in

cal

cite

rela

tive

to

wate

r

Change in isotopic ratio in carbonate shell with change in water temperature.

more icepositive excursion

less ice

negative excursion

d18O due to ice buildup

Glaciations cause more d18O to accumulate in seawater.

This happens because 16O evaporates preferentially and becomes trapped on land as glacial ice.

H216O

cooling

warmingAverage d18O curvefrom 5 deep sea cores(foram calcite).After Imbrie et al. (1984)

Onset of Cenozoic cooling trend - development of cold deep ocean circulation.

Case Study Reference taken from:-{ OXYGEN ISOTOPES IN

FORAMINIFERA: OVERVIEW AND HISTORICAL REVIEW}PAUL N. PEARSON,

,

Foraminifera tests are a common component of many marine sediments.

The oxygen isotope ratio o O18 of test calcite is frequently used to reconstruct aspects of their life environment.

The δ18O depends mainly on the isotope ratio of the water it is precipitated from, the temperature of calcification, and, to a lesser extent, the carbonate ion concentration.

Deep sea benthic foraminifera oxygen isotopes have revealed the long history of global climate change over the past 100 million years.

Planktonic foraminifer oxygen isotopes are used to investigate the history of past sea surface temperatures.

The geochemical composition of deep-sea benthic foraminifera calcite is widely used to reconstruct seafloor paleoenvironments.

The oxygen isotopic composition of deep-sea benthic foraminifera shells entirely calcified under controlled experimental conditions over a large temperature range (4to 19 C).

The oxygen in foraminifera calcite derives from the seawater in which the organism lived. Hence, the isotope ratios can pro-vide information about the composition and history of that water, and the environmental conditions in which the test was secreted

Regional and temporal variations in δ18O

Fig:-Correcting for latitude in paleo-applications: Modern surface δ18O plot-ted against latitude for the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (data of Broecker, 1989). The dashed line is the Zachos et al. (1994) polynomial function for use in paleoclimate studies, which averages the southern hemisphere data . Modified from Crowley and Zachos

Planktonic habitats and paleo sea-surface temperatures

The evolution of late Paleocene and Eo-cene paleotemperatures as reconstructed from fora-minifera from deep ocean sites

Well-preserved succession in Tanzania , paleotemperature estimates for Tanzania are also shown. Open symbols: benthic fora-minifera (not available from Tanzania) and filled symbols: surface dwelling planktonic foraminifera.

The difference in tropical SST is larger than can be ex-plained by regional variation and was attributed to the recrystallized state of the open ocean sites, which makes planktonic foraminiferal records converge on the benthic foraminiferal records

Reference

Microfossils [Howard Armstrong & Martin Brasier] An Introduction to Paleontology [Amal Dasgupta] OXYGEN ISOTOPES IN FORAMINIFERA: OVERVIEW

AND HISTORICAL REVIEW [PAUL N. PEARSON] Microfossil and their applications

[P.K.kathal],

Internate

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