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Microwave and RF Engineering
Roberto Sorrentino
University of Perugia, Italy
Giovanni Bianchi
Verigy Ltd, Boblingen, Germany
Microwave and RF Engineering
Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical EngineeringKAI CHANG, Editor
Texas A&M University
FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Third Edition, Govind P. Agrawal
ASYMMETRIC PASSIVE COMPONENTS IN MICROWAVE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS,
Hee-Ran Ahn
COHERENT OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS, Silvello Betti, Giancarlo De Marchis, and
Eugenio Iannone
PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS: FLOQUET ANALYSIS, SYNTHESIS, BFNs, AND ACTIVE
ARRAY SYSTEMS, Arun K. Bhattacharyya
HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC TECHNIQUES: RECENT ADVANCES AND
APPLICATIONS, Asoke K. Bhattacharyya
RADIO PROPAGATION AND ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
LINKS: TERRESTRIAL, ATMOSPHERIC, AND IONOSPHERIC, Nathan Blaunstein and Christos
G. Christodoulou
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR ELECTROMAGNETICS AND MICROWAVES, Richard C.
Booton, Jr.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING, Salvatore Celozzi, Rodolfo Araneo, and Giampiero Lovat
MICROWAVE RING CIRCUITS AND ANTENNAS, Kai Chang
MICROWAVE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS AND APPLICATIONS, Kai Chang
RF AND MICROWAVE WIRELESS SYSTEMS, Kai Chang
RF AND MICROWAVE CIRCUIT AND COMPONENT DESIGN FOR WIRELESS SYSTEMS,
Kai Chang, Inder Bahl, and Vijay Nair
MICROWAVE RING CIRCUITS AND RELATED STRUCTURES, Second Edition, Kai Chang and
Lung-Hwa Hsieh
MULTIRESOLUTION TIME DOMAIN SCHEME FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING,
Yinchao Chen, Qunsheng Cao, and Raj Mittra
HIGH EFFICIENCY RF AND MICROWAVE SOLID STATE POWER AMPLIFIERS,
Paolo Colantonio, Franco Giannini and Ernesto Limiti
DIODE LASERS AND PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, Larry Coldren and Scott Corzine
RADIO FREQUENCY CIRCUIT DESIGN, W. Alan Davis and Krishna Agarwal
MULTICONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION-LINE STRUCTURES: MODAL ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUES, J. A. Brand~ao Faria
PHASED ARRAY-BASED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS, Nick Fourikis
FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION LINES, Jon C. Freeman
OPTICAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES, Mitsuo Fukuda
MICROSTRIP CIRCUITS, Fred Gardiol
HIGH-SPEED VLSI INTERCONNECTIONS, Second Edition, Ashok K. Goel
FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVELETS: THEORY, ALGORITHMS, AND APPLICATIONS, Jaideva C.
Goswami and Andrew K. Chan
HIGH-FREQUENCY ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN, Ravender Goyal (ed.)
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ANTENNA MODULES, K. C. Gupta and
Peter S. Hall
PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS, R. C. Hansen
STRIPLINE CIRCULATORS, Joseph Helszajn
THE STRIPLINE CIRCULATOR: THEORY AND PRACTICE, Joseph Helszajn
LOCALIZED WAVES, Hugo E. Hern�andez-Figueroa, Michel Zamboni-Rached, and Erasmo Recami (eds.)
MICROSTRIP FILTERS FOR RF/MICROWAVE APPLICATIONS, Jia-Sheng Hong and
M. J. Lancaster
MICROWAVE APPROACH TO HIGHLY IRREGULAR FIBER OPTICS, Huang Hung-Chia
NONLINEAR OPTICAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS, Eugenio Iannone, Francesco Matera,
Antonio Mecozzi, and Marina Settembre
FINITE ELEMENT SOFTWARE FOR MICROWAVE ENGINEERING, Tatsuo Itoh, Giuseppe Pelosi,
and Peter P. Silvester (eds.)
INFRARED TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS TO ELECTROOPTICS, PHOTONIC DEVICES,
AND SENSORS, A. R. Jha
SUPERCONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS TO MICROWAVE, ELECTRO-OPTICS,
ELECTRICAL MACHINES, AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS, A. R. Jha
OPTICAL COMPUTING: AN INTRODUCTION, M. A. Karim and A. S. S. Awwal
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING, Paul R.
Karmel, Gabriel D. Colef, and Raymond L. Camisa
MILLIMETER WAVE OPTICAL DIELECTRIC INTEGRATED GUIDES AND CIRCUITS, Shiban
K. Koul
ADVANCED INTEGRATED COMMUNICATION MICROSYSTEMS, Joy Laskar, Sudipto
Chakraborty, Manos Tentzeris, Franklin Bien, and Anh-Vu Pham
MICROWAVE DEVICES, CIRCUITS AND THEIR INTERACTION, Charles A. Lee and G. Conrad
Dalman
ADVANCES IN MICROSTRIP AND PRINTED ANTENNAS, Kai-Fong Lee and Wei Chen (eds.)
SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY, Le-Wei Li, Xiao-Kang
Kang, and Mook-Seng Leong
ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC IN COMPUTER SYSTEMS, Mi Lu
OPTICAL FILTER DESIGN AND ANALYSIS: A SIGNAL PROCESSING APPROACH, Christi K.
Madsen and Jian H. Zhao
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF INFRARED TECHNOLOGY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE
TESTING, Xavier P. V. Maldague
METAMATERIALS WITH NEGATIVE PARAMETERS: THEORY, DESIGN, AND MICROWAVE
APPLICATIONS, Ricardo Marqu�es, Ferran Martın, and Mario Sorolla
OPTOELECTRONIC PACKAGING, A. R. Mickelson, N. R. Basavanhally, and Y. C. Lee (eds.)
OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION, Shunji Mori, Hirobumi Nishida, and Hiromitsu Yamada
ANTENNAS FOR RADAR AND COMMUNICATIONS: A POLARIMETRIC APPROACH,
Harold Mott
INTEGRATED ACTIVE ANTENNAS AND SPATIAL POWER COMBINING, Julio A. Navarro and
Kai Chang
ANALYSIS METHODS FOR RF, MICROWAVE, AND MILLIMETER-WAVE PLANAR
TRANSMISSION LINE STRUCTURES, Cam Nguyen
FREQUENCY CONTROL OF SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS, Motoichi Ohtsu (ed.)
WAVELETS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS AND DEVICE MODELING, George W. Pan
OPTICAL SWITCHING, Georgios Papadimitriou, Chrisoula Papazoglou, and Andreas S.
Pomportsis
SOLAR CELLS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, Larry D. Partain (ed.)
A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume.
ANALYSIS OF MULTICONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION LINES, Clayton R. Paul
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, Second Edition, Clayton R. Paul
ADAPTIVE OPTICS FOR VISION SCIENCE: PRINCIPLES, PRACTICES, DESIGN AND
APPLICATIONS, Jason Porter, Hope Queener, Julianna Lin, Karen Thorn, and Abdul Awwal (eds.)
ELECTROMAGNETIC OPTIMIZATION BY GENETIC ALGORITHMS, Yahya Rahmat-Samii and
Eric Michielssen (eds.)
INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-SPEED ELECTRONICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS, Leonard M.
Riaziat
NEW FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL DEVICE TECHNOLOGY, Arye Rosen and Harel Rosen (eds.)
ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPAGATION IN MULTI-MODE RANDOM MEDIA, Harrison E. Rowe
ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPAGATION IN ONE-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM MEDIA,
Harrison E. Rowe
HISTORY OF WIRELESS, Tapan K. Sarkar, Robert J. Mailloux, Arthur A. Oliner, Magdalena
Salazar-Palma, and Dipak L. Sengupta
PHYSICS OF MULTIANTENNA SYSTEMS AND BROADBAND PROCESSING, Tapan K. Sarkar,
Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and Eric L. Mokole
SMART ANTENNAS, Tapan K. Sarkar, Michael C. Wicks, Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and
Robert J. Bonneau
NONLINEAR OPTICS, E. G. Sauter
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETICS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, Dipak L.
Sengupta and Valdis V. Liepa
COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE CIRCUITS, COMPONENTS, AND SYSTEMS, Rainee N. Simons
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN UNCONVENTIONAL MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES,
Onkar N. Singh and Akhlesh Lakhtakia (eds.)
MICROWAVE AND RF ENGINEERING, Roberto Sorrentino and Giovanni Bianchi
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF AUTONOMOUS MICROWAVE CIRCUITS, Almudena Su�arez
ELECTRON BEAMS AND MICROWAVE VACUUM ELECTRONICS, Shulim E. Tsimring
FUNDAMENTALS OF GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM RECEIVERS: A SOFTWARE
APPROACH, Second Edition, James Bao-yen Tsui
RF/MICROWAVE INTERACTION WITH BIOLOGICAL TISSUES, Andr�e Vander Vorst, Arye
Rosen, and Youji Kotsuka
InP-BASED MATERIALS AND DEVICES: PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY, Osamu Wada and
Hideki Hasegawa (eds.)
COMPACT AND BROADBAND MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS, Kin-Lu Wong
DESIGN OF NONPLANAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS AND TRANSMISSION LINES,
Kin-Lu Wong
PLANAR ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, Kin-Lu Wong
FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE AND GRID ARRAY, T. K. Wu (ed.)
ACTIVE AND QUASI-OPTICAL ARRAYS FOR SOLID-STATE POWER COMBINING, Robert A.
York and Zoya B. Popovic’ (eds.)
OPTICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING, COMPUTING AND NEURAL NETWORKS, Francis T. S. Yu
and Suganda Jutamulia
SiGe, GaAs, AND InP HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS, Jiann Yuan
ELECTRODYNAMICS OF SOLIDS AND MICROWAVE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, Shu-Ang Zhou
Microwave and RF Engineering
Roberto Sorrentino
University of Perugia, Italy
Giovanni Bianchi
Verigy Ltd, Boblingen, Germany
This edition first published 2010
� 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Sorrentino, Roberto.
Microwave and RF engineering / R. Sorrentino, G. Bianchi.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-75862-5 (cloth)
1. Microwave devices. 2. Radio–Transmitters and transmission. I. Bianchi, Giovanni. II. Title.
TK7876.S666 2010
621.381’3–dc22
2009051049
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 978-0-470-75862-5 (Hbk)
Set in 9/11pt, Times Roman by Thomson Digital, Noida, India
Printed in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd
Contents
About the Authors xv
Preface xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Microwaves and radio frequencies 1
1.2 Frequency bands 4
1.3 Applications 6
Bibliography 8
2 Basic electromagnetic theory 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Maxwell’s equations 9
2.3 Time-harmonic EM fields; polarization of a vector 12
2.4 Maxwell’s equations in the harmonic regime 14
2.5 Boundary conditions 15
2.6 Energy and power of the EM field; Poynting’s theorem 17
2.7 Some fundamental theorems 19
2.7.1 Uniqueness theorem 19
2.7.2 Lorentz’s reciprocity theorem 19
2.7.3 Love’s equivalence theorem 20
2.8 Plane waves 21
2.9 Solution of the wave equation in rectangular coordinates 22
2.9.1 Plane waves: an alternative derivation 24
2.9.2 TEM waves 25
2.9.3 TE and TM waves 26
2.10 Reflection and transmission of plane waves; Snel’s laws 27
2.10.1 Snel’s laws; total reflection 28
2.10.2 Reflection and transmission (Fresnel’s) coefficients 31
2.10.3 Reflection from a conducting plane 34
2.11 Electrodynamic potentials 36
Bibliography 38
3 Guided EM propagation 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Cylindrical structures; solution of Maxwell’s equations as
TE, TM and TEM modes 41
3.3 Modes of propagation as transmission lines 48
3.4 Transmission lines as 1-D circuits 52
3.5 Phase velocity, group velocity and energy velocity 55
3.6 Properties of the transverse modal vectors et, ht; field expansion
in a waveguide 57
3.7 Loss, attenuation and power handling in real waveguides 59
3.8 The rectangular waveguide 61
3.9 The ridge waveguide 67
3.10 The circular waveguide 68
3.11 The coaxial cable 72
3.12 The parallel-plate waveguide 74
3.13 The stripline 76
3.14 The microstrip line 78
3.14.1 The planar waveguide model 82
3.15 The coplanar waveguide 82
3.16 Coupled lines 84
3.16.1 Basic principles for EM analysis 85
3.16.2 Equivalent circuit modelling 86
Bibliography 88
4 Microwave circuits 91
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Microwave circuit formulation 91
4.3 Terminated transmission lines 94
4.4 The Smith chart 97
4.5 Power flow 105
4.6 Matrix representations 109
4.6.1 The impedance matrix 109
4.6.2 The admittance matrix 110
4.6.3 The ABCD or chain matrix 111
4.6.4 The scattering matrix 112
4.7 Circuit model of a transmission line section 119
4.8 Shifting the reference planes 123
4.9 Loaded two-port network 124
4.10 Matrix description of coupled lines 125
4.11 Matching of coupled lines 126
4.12 Two-port networks using coupled-line sections 127
Bibliography 129
5 Resonators and cavities 131
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 The resonant condition 131
5.3 Quality factor or Q 134
5.4 Transmission line resonators 136
5.5 Planar resonators 139
5.6 Cavity resonators 142
5.7 Computation of the Q factor of a cavity resonator 144
5.8 Dielectric resonators 146
5.9 Expansion of EM fields 147
5.9.1 Helmholtz’s theorem 148
5.9.2 Electric and magnetic eigenvectors 148
5.9.3 General solution of Maxwell’s equations in a cavity 153
5.9.4 Resonances in ideal closed cavities 154
5.9.5 The cavity with one or two outputs 155
5.9.6 Excitation of cavity resonators 157
Bibliography 161
viii CONTENTS
6 Impedance matching 163
6.1 Introduction 163
6.2 Fano’s bound 163
6.3 Quarter-wavelength transformer 165
6.4 Multi-section quarter-wavelength transformers 167
6.4.1 The binomial transformer 171
6.4.2 Chebyshev polynomials; the Chebyshev transformer 172
6.5 Line and stub transformers; stub tuners 178
6.6 Lumped L networks 180
Bibliography 185
Simulation files 185
7 Passive microwave components 187
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 Matched loads 187
7.3 Movable short circuit 188
7.4 Attenuators 190
7.5 Fixed phase shifters 193
7.5.1 Loaded-line phase shifters 193
7.5.2 Reflection-type phase shifters 194
7.6 Junctions and interconnections 195
7.6.1 Guide-to-coaxial cable transition 198
7.6.2 Coaxial-to-microstrip transition 203
7.7 Dividers and combiners 204
7.7.1 The Wilkinson divider 205
7.7.2 Hybrid junctions 209
7.7.3 Directional couplers 211
7.8 Lumped element realizations 221
7.9 Multi-beam forming networks 223
7.9.1 The Butler matrix 224
7.9.2 The Blass matrix 225
7.9.3 The Rotman lens 227
7.10 Non-reciprocal components 230
7.10.1 Isolator 232
7.10.2 Circulator 232
Bibliography 234
Simulation files 235
8 Microwave filters 237
8.1 Introduction 237
8.2 Definitions 237
8.3 Lowdpass prototype 239
8.3.1 Butterworth filters 240
8.3.2 Chebyshev filters 240
8.3.3 Cauer filters 244
8.3.4 Synthesis of the lowdpass prototype 245
8.4 Semi-lumped lowdpass filters 250
8.5 Frequency transformations 254
8.5.1 Lowdpass to highpass transformation 255
8.5.2 Lowdpass to bandpass transformation 257
CONTENTS ix
8.5.3 Lowdpass to bandstop transformation 260
8.5.4 Richards transformation 261
8.6 Kuroda identities 264
8.7 Immittance inverters 267
8.7.1 Filters with line-coupled short-circuit stubs 273
8.7.2 Parallel-coupled filters 277
8.7.3 Comb-line filters 281
Bibliography 286
Simulation files 286
9 Basic concepts for microwave component design 289
9.1 Introduction 289
9.2 Cascaded linear two-port networks 289
9.3 Signal flow graphs 302
9.4 Noise in two-port networks 303
9.4.1 Noise sources 303
9.4.2 Representation of noisy two-port networks 305
9.4.3 Noise figure and noise factor 306
9.4.4 Noise factor of cascaded networks 313
9.4.5 Noise bandwidth 314
9.5 Nonlinear two-port networks 316
9.5.1 Harmonic and intermodulation products 317
9.5.2 Harmonic distortion 317
9.5.3 Intermodulation distortion 319
9.5.4 Gain compression 321
9.5.5 Intercept points 326
9.5.6 Saturation and intercept point of cascaded two-port networks 328
9.6 Semiconductors devices 334
9.6.1 Basic semiconductor physics 334
9.6.2 Junction diode 336
9.6.3 Bipolar transistor 338
9.6.4 Junction field effect transistor 339
9.6.5 Metal oxide field effect transistor 340
9.7 Electrical models of high-frequency semiconductor devices 342
9.7.1 Linear models 342
9.7.2 Nonlinear semiconductor models 348
Bibliography 360
Related Files 360
10 Microwave control components 363
10.1 Introduction 363
10.2 Switches 363
10.2.1 PIN diode switches 368
10.2.2 FET switches 375
10.2.3 MEMS switches 379
10.2.4 Alternative multi-port switch structures 385
10.3 Variable attenuators 389
10.4 Phase shifters 400
x CONTENTS
10.4.1 True-delay and slow-wave phase shifters 402
10.4.2 Reflection phase shifters 404
10.4.3 Stepped phase shifters 407
10.4.4 Binary phase shifters 408
10.4.5 Final considerations on phase shifters 412
Bibliography 412
Related files 413
11 Amplifiers 415
11.1 Introduction 415
11.2 Small-signal amplifiers 415
11.2.1 Gain definitions 416
11.2.2 Stability 420
11.2.3 Matching networks 424
11.2.4 Maximum gain impedance matching 425
11.3 Low-noise amplifiers 429
11.4 Design of trial amplifier 432
11.5 Power amplifiers 440
11.5.1 Output power optimization with negligible transistor parasitics 440
11.5.2 Output power optimization in presence of transistor parasitics 444
11.5.3 Load pull 451
11.5.4 Balanced amplifiers 454
11.5.5 PA classes 459
11.5.6 Amplifier linearization 473
11.5.7 Additional PA issues 481
11.6 Other amplifier configurations 482
11.6.1 Feedback amplifiers 483
11.6.2 Distributed amplifiers 485
11.6.3 Differential pairs 489
11.6.4 Active loads 494
11.6.5 Cascode configuration 495
11.7 Some examples of microwave amplifiers 497
11.7.1 Two-stage millimetre-wave amplifier 497
11.7.2 Low-noise amplifier 499
Bibliography 501
Related files 501
12 Oscillators 503
12.1 Introduction 503
12.2 General principles 503
12.3 Negative resistance oscillators 508
12.4 Positive feedback oscillators 512
12.5 Standard oscillator configuration 518
12.5.1 Inductively coupled oscillator 521
12.5.2 Inductive gate feedback oscillator 523
12.5.3 Hartley oscillator 525
12.5.4 Colpitts oscillator 526
CONTENTS xi
12.5.5 Clapp oscillator 527
12.5.6 Differential oscillator 528
12.6 Design of a trial oscillator 530
12.7 Oscillator specifications 534
12.8 Special oscillators 543
12.8.1 Lumped element and transmission line oscillators 543
12.8.2 Cavity oscillators and dielectric resonator oscillators 547
12.8.3 Voltage-controlled oscillators 549
12.8.4 Push–push oscillators 553
12.8.5 Amplitude-stabilized oscillators 555
12.9 Design of a push –push microwave VCO 557
Bibliography 559
Related files 559
13 Frequency converters 561
13.1 Introduction 561
13.2 Detectors 561
13.2.1 Quadratic diode detector 563
13.2.2 Envelope detectors 570
13.2.3 FET detectors 573
13.3 Mixers 577
13.3.1 Product detector 579
13.3.2 Single-ended diode mixers 581
13.3.3 Singly balanced diode mixers 584
13.3.4 Doubly balanced diode mixers 590
13.3.5 Subharmonically pumped mixers 594
13.3.6 Image reject mixers 597
13.3.7 Suppression in presence of amplitude and phase imbalance 600
13.3.8 FET mixers 602
13.3.9 Mixers based on differential pairs 606
13.3.10 Mixer nonlinearities 617
13.4 Frequency multipliers 625
Bibliography 630
Related files 630
14 Microwave circuit technology 633
14.1 Introduction 633
14.2 Hybrid and monolithic integrated circuits 633
14.2.1 High-frequency PCB 634
14.2.2 Hybrid MICs 635
14.2.3 MMICs 636
14.2.4 Advanced hybrid MICs 637
14.2.5 Parasitic elements associated to physical devices 637
14.3 Basic MMIC elements 639
14.3.1 Transmission lines 640
14.3.2 Via holes 640
14.3.3 Resistors 641
14.3.4 Inductors 643
xii CONTENTS
14.3.5 Capacitors 645
14.3.6 Semiconductor devices 646
14.4 Simulation models and layout libraries 649
14.4.1 Single element models 650
14.4.2 Scalable models 650
14.4.3 Nonlinear models 651
14.4.4 MMIC statistical models 651
14.4.5 Temperature-dependent models 652
14.5 MMIC production technique 652
14.5.1 Lithography 653
14.5.2 On-wafer testing 655
14.5.3 Cut and selection 655
14.6 RFIC 656
Bibliography 657
15 RF and microwave architectures 659
15.1 Introduction 659
15.2 Review of modulation theory 659
15.2.1 Amplitude modulation 660
15.2.2 Angular modulation 663
15.3 Transmitters 665
15.3.1 Direct modulation transmitters 665
15.3.2 Polar modulator 675
15.3.3 Cartesian modulator 677
15.3.4 Transmitters with frequency translation 681
15.4 Receivers 682
15.4.1 RF tuned receivers 682
15.4.2 Superetherodyne receivers 692
15.4.3 Zero-IF and low-IF receivers 696
15.4.4 Walking IF receivers 699
15.4.5 One practical IC-based receiver 701
15.4.6 Digital receivers 703
15.5 Further concepts on RF transmitters and receivers 710
15.5.1 Transceivers 710
15.5.2 CAD analysis of a radar transmitting subassembly 719
15.5.3 Receiver performance analysis 725
15.6 Special radio functional blocks 731
15.6.1 Quadrature signal generation 731
15.6.2 PLL 735
15.6.3 ALC and AGC 744
15.6.4 SDLVA 749
Bibliography 753
Related files 754
16 Numerical methods and CAD 757
16.1 Introduction 757
16.2 EM analysis 760
16.2.1 The method of moments 761
CONTENTS xiii
16.2.2 The finite difference method 763
16.2.3 The FDTD method 766
16.2.4 The finite element method 770
16.2.5 The mode matching method 771
16.3 Circuit analysis 780
16.3.1 Linear analysis: the signal flow graph and the admittance
matrix methods 780
16.3.2 Time domain nonlinear analysis 785
16.3.3 Frequency domain nonlinear analysis 786
16.4 Optimization 788
16.4.1 Definitions and basic concepts 789
16.4.2 Objective function 790
16.4.3 Constraints 791
16.4.4 Optimization methods 791
Bibliography 792
17 Measurement instrumentation and techniques 795
17.1 Introduction 795
17.2 Power meters 795
17.3 Frequency meters 798
17.3.1 RF digital frequency meter 798
17.3.2 Microwave digital frequency meter 799
17.3.3 Frequency conversion frequency meters 800
17.3.4 Frequency conversion frequency meter without preselector 802
17.4 Spectrum analyzers 803
17.4.1 Panoramic receiver 803
17.4.2 Superheterodyne spectrum analyzer 806
17.5 Wide-band sampling oscilloscopes 809
17.6 Network analyzers 816
17.6.1 Scalar analyzers 817
17.6.2 Vector analyzers 821
17.6.3 Noise figure meters 833
17.7 Special test instruments 837
17.7.1 IFM 837
17.7.2 Complex test benches 843
17.7.3 Test instruments for non-electrical quantities 846
Bibliography 849
Related files 849
Appendix A Useful relations from vector analysis and trigonometric
function identities 851
Appendix B Fourier transform 861
Appendix C Orthogonality of the eigenvectors in ideal waveguides 865
Appendix D Standard rectangular waveguides and coaxial cables 869
Appendix E Symbols for electric diagrams 873
Appendix F List of acronyms 877
Index 883
xiv CONTENTS
About the Authors
Roberto Sorrentino received the Laurea degree in Electronic Engineering from the University of Rome
‘‘La Sapienza’’, Rome, Italy, in 1971,where hewas anAssociate Professor until 1986. From1986 to 1990
he was a Professor at the University of Rome ‘‘Tor Vergata’’. Since 1990 he has been a Professor at the
University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy. He has authored and co-authored over 100 technical papers in
international journals, 300 refereed conference papers and three books in the area of the analysis and
design of microwave passive circuits and antennas. He is an IEEE Fellow (1990), a recipient of the IEEE
ThirdMillenniumMedal (2000) and of the Distinguished Educator Award from IEEEMTT-S (2004). He
was the President of the European Microwave Association from 1998 to 2009.
Giovanni Bianchi received the Laurea degree in Electronic Engineering from the University of Rome
‘‘La Sapienza’’, Rome, Italy, in 1987. In 1988, he joined the microwave department of Elettronica S.p.A.
where hewas involved inmicrowave components (includingGaAsMMICs) and subassembly design. He
joinedMotorola PCS in 2000, where heworked onGSMandWCDMAmobile phone design, and in 2004
joinedSDSS.r.Lwhere hewas responsible formicrowave designs. Since January 2008 he hasworked as a
R&D Engineer in the hardware/RF division at Verigy, and is an expert of high frequency theory and
techniques. In his 23 years of design experience he has covered both passive and active microwave
components, including filters, amplifiers, oscillators, and synthesizers. He is the author of four books
(including the present one) as well as 12 papers.
Preface
This book deals with a rather complex discipline that involvesmany different techniques and approaches:
the result is a difficult and alluring subject at the same time. Most academic tradition focuses on the
electromagnetic-related aspects ofmicrowaves, i.e. on the science of the solution ofMaxwell’s equations,
which is quite difficult to divulgate because of the remarkable difficulties it involves. The electromagnetic
theory is the basis of the high-frequency techniques, from radio frequency (RF) up to millimetre waves;
therefore itmust bewell understood, inorder tocomprehendanddominate avariety ofphenomenautilized
in many applications, mainly – but not exclusively – in telecommunications.
Microwaves, however, do not reduce to the electromagnetic theory. The microwave engineer, i.e. the
designer operating with frequencies that are so high as to need a specific methodological approach, must
have a basic knowledge of the electromagnetic theory, but must also be familiar with network theory,
signal theory, linear and nonlinear circuits, and electronic technology – particularly microwave
integrated circuits, CAD techniques and test instruments. Such considerations have motivated us to
write this book. It differs from traditional microwave books because it includes several topics, such as
semiconductor device modelling or test instruments, that are commonly considered at the boundary with
other electronic disciplines, but are equally important for practising microwave engineers.
This book is intended for both students and professionals. Therefore the topics are presented –
wherever possible – at different levels of depth. The reader will find some topics, discussed in specific
sections printed in line boxes, that can be ignored without lack of continuity of the discussion. In this
way, we tried to circumvent the difficulties related to the conventional approach to microwaves, without
losing a detailed and rigorous exposition. We are aware that many important topics have not been
included in the book, particularly propagation in dielectric waveguides and optical fibres. The study of
propagation in microstrips and printed circuits has been limited to a brief qualitative description. The
same treatment applies to the analysis of many components and devices, as well as many other specific
topics. The size limitation for the book to be manageable has imposed some exclusion. We hope
nevertheless to have provided a useful tool for a first approach and for subsequent in-depth study aswell.
Based on own different experience, we had to realize a book combining formal academic rigour with
a practical approach useful for the designer. The conventional research-oriented list of subjects has thus
been extended to cover a number of application-oriented aspects. Examples from actual engineering
practice are included in all chapters.
After the introduction to the field of microwaves and radio frequencies, the basic electromagnetic
theory is concisely recalled in Chapter 2, with more emphasis on the propagation of plane waves. The
reader is assumed already to have a background in the electromagnetic theory, so that this chapter
serves as a reference and as a reminder. Chapter 3 is then devoted to the study of guided
electromagnetic propagation along unlimited transmission lines. In contrast with most textbooks,
the telegrapher’s equations are introduced here as a special case of the mode propagation in
cylindrical waveguides. The conventional derivation from a lumped circuit model is presented in
a subsequent section. Some of the most common guiding structures are discussed, including coupled
transmission lines.
The concept of a microwave circuit, a powerful model for the characterization of microwave
structures, is introduced in Chapter 4. The chapter concerns the modelling of microwave structures and
transmission lines offinite length, including the Smith chart,N-port circuits and terminated coupled lines.
Chapters 5 to 8 are devoted to the study of various classes of passive microwave components. Chapter 5
deals with microwave cavities and resonators. The theory of resonant mode expansion is also introduced
as a significant theoretical approach to the solution ofMaxwell’s equations in a volume. Thematching of
microwave circuits is treated in Chapter 6, a significant part being devoted to quarter-wave transformers.
A number of microwave passive components are then presented in Chapter 7. The term passive is
interpreted here as linear. Switches and tuning elements are not included in such components, but are
discussed instead in Chapter 10. Chapter 7 is devoted to interconnections, the various types of directional
couplers, dividers and combiners, in various technologies, including a brief description of microwave
multi-beam forming networks.Non-reciprocal components are described briefly in the last sections of the
chapter. Because of their importance in the design activity of the practising microwave engineer,
microwave filters are treated in some detail in Chapter 8.
The basic concepts needed for the study of control and active components in the subsequent chapters
are introduced in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 is devoted to microwave control components: these are passive
components using control devices, such as diodes and transistors, to operate on the microwave signal
without increasing its associated energy.Microwave amplifiers based on solid state devices are dealt with
in Chapter 11. Due to space limitations, the discussion is necessarily limited to the main concepts and to
the most common configurations, specifically to the one-transistor amplifier with one input and one
output matching network, including small-signal, low-noise and power amplifiers. The generation of
microwaves is discussed in Chapter 12, which is devoted to oscillators, presenting the most common
configurations and illustrating some analytical techniques.
Frequency conversion, discussed in Chapter 13, is a fundamental technique in the nonlinear
processing of microwave and RF signals, from detection to mixing to frequency multiplying.
The technologies for the fabrication of microwave circuits are the subject of Chapter 14. Here
attention, for obvious reasons, is confined to integrated circuits (ICs), spanning microwave integrated
circuits (MICs) and themost sophisticatedmonolithicmicrowave integrated circuits (MMICs), including
an overview of silicon radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs).
The system perspective is taken into consideration in Chapter 15 on RF andmicrowave architectures
for transmitters and receivers, including a summary of basicmodulation theory.Chapter 16 introduces the
reader to the foundations of numerical methods and CAD techniques for microwave circuit design.
Although much more space could gave been devoted to this important subject, we feel that we have
provided enough fundamental information for the reader prior to consulting specialized books on the
subject. Measurement and instrumentation are the subjects of the concluding chapter. We felt, indeed,
that themicrowave engineer should be conscious of the basic aspects related to such essential stepswhich
are the final verification of the results of his or her work.
In order to illustrate and extend the material presented in text form in Chapters 5 to 17 (except 14),
98simulation files have been developed and collected in a separate CD-ROM. These simulation files will
allow the reader to ‘play with the numbers’ to see what happens to the circuit response when some
parameters are changed, and to generate different examples from those already presented in the book, and
so on. The CD also includes two setup programs to install the required application tools: namely, Ansoft
Designer SV and SIMetrix.
The simulation files are grouped in folders, one for each chapter. Each folder is further divided into
subfolders, one per file type, i.e. Ansoft Designer SV, Mathcad and SIMetrix, which are the commercial
programs we have employed. Although they have much wider capabilities, these programs have been
adopted here for the following use:
. Ansoft Designer SV A functional subset of Ansoft Designer, the commercially distributed design-
management environment and circuit simulator for RF andmicrowave hardware development.We
used this program for linear S-parameter and noise analyses.
. Mathcad A computer mathematical manipulation program to implement and simultaneously
document mathematical calculations. The Mathcad visual format and user interface integrate the
familiar standard mathematical notation with text and graphs in a single worksheet. Our use of
Mathcad is in the analysis and synthesis of microwave/RF structures.
xviii PREFACE
. SIMetrix This comprises a SPICE simulator with a schematic editor, and a waveform viewer in a
unified environment. We have used it here to provide the reader with examples of nonlinear circuit
and subsystem analysis.
For detailed descriptions and/or to download updated versions, the interested reader can visit the
respective websites: http://www.ansoft.com/, http://www.ptc.com and http://www.simetrix.co.uk/.
Wegratefully acknowledge the help received fromElisa Fratticcioli andCristiano Tomassoni for text
and figure editing and revision. Luca Pelliccia is gratefully acknowledged for carefully and patiently
revising the whole text and removing many typos and mistakes. Michele Ancis, Simone Bastioli, Loris
Caporali, Federico Casini, Paola Farinelli, Elisa Sbarra and Roberto Vincenti Gatti have kindly
contributed to some parts of the book. Their contribution is acknowledged in the specific sections.
We are aware that, in spite of many revisions, the book may need some improvement and that some
mistakesmay unavoidably still be present.Wewelcome input from anyonewho has read thismaterial and
wishes to point out mistakes, make suggestions or ask questions to clarify any issue. Suggestions can be
sent to us at out respective email addresses.
Roberto Sorrentino (sorrentino@diei.unipg.it)
Giovanni Bianchi (bardolfo@libero.it)September 2009
PREFACE xix
1
Introduction
1.1 Microwaves and radio frequencies
Technical terms sometimes have odd histories. The termmicrowaves, after being confined for decades to
a restricted circle of specialists in radar, telecommunications and electromagnetism, has become,with the
introduction of microwave ovens about 30 years ago, a popular term associated with cooking. This might
be the reason why its use among specialists has declined somewhat, being often replaced by the ampler
and more generic term radio frequencies (RFs) and, above 30 GHz,millimetre waves. At about the same
time the term radio is being replaced by the termwireless, an expression coined and adopted byMarconi
which has become fashionable in recent years.
Microwaves were first introduced in the technical literature in 1932 by Nello Carrara, to designate
those electromagnetic (EM) waves whose wavelength was smaller than 30 cm, i.e. the electromagnetic
spectrum above 1 GHz [1]. In those years, the use of such high frequencies wasmotivated by the research
on radar, for which many studies were launched and enormous resources spent worldwide.1
The simplest definition ofmicrowaves is the one based on a precise interval of frequencies. Figure 1.1
depicts the full electromagnetic spectrum from long waves up to ultraviolet. According to the majority
of textbooks, microwaves correspond to frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz, corresponding to
wavelengths between 1 millimetre and 1 metre. According to some sources, the lower limit is raised to
500MHz or 1GHz. The frequency range between 30 and 300GHz is also referred to asmillimetre waves,
since the wavelengths are between 1 and 10mm.
This terminological uncertainty reflects the fact that there is no specific physical phenomenon
identifying a precise frequency boundary. Also, RF does not correspond to a precise frequency range but
indicates all frequencies employed in the radio technique, usually below the microwave range.
Rather than a frequency range, microwaves actually identify a methodology, i.e. a specific approach
to the study of electromagnetic phenomena. Such an approach is intermediate between the two other
methodologies derived fromMaxwell’s equations, namely circuit theory and optics. To bemore precise,
the discriminating element of the three methodologies is not really the frequency but rather the
wavelength, or, better, the ratio between the wavelength and the dimensions of the circuits or objects
where the EM field manifests itself.
Microwave and RF Engineering Roberto Sorrentino and Giovanni Bianchi
� 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
1 The development of radar absorbed more funds than the atomic bomb (see [2], p. 22).
In the case of low-frequency EMfields, for which thewavelength is much larger than the dimensions
of the circuits and the EM field propagation times from one point to another of the circuit are a small
fraction of the period, one applies the lumped circuit theory which represents a simplification of
Maxwell’s equations. In the opposite case, i.e. when the objects and the circuit elements are much larger
than thewavelength, one can apply the optical lawswhich are another type of simplification ofMaxwell’s
equations. Themicrowave regime corresponds to those cases when thewavelengths are of the same order
(roughly, from one-tenth to 10 times) as the circuit dimensions, so that neither one nor the other
approximation is permissible: Maxwell’s equations must be solved in their entirety.
Peculiar and often non-intuitive effects arisewhen thewavelength is comparablewith the dimensions
of the objects involved in theEMfield. This confers a special difficulty on this discipline: circuit elements,
such as the capacitors and inductors that are familiar in low-frequency ranges, not only assume totally
unconventional shapes but do not actually exist as distinct regions of space that store only electric or
magnetic energy. Because of their peculiarity, the intuitive perception of EMphenomenamay sometimes
bemisleading. Special attention and specific expertise are therefore often required in the study of devices,
circuits and systems operating at microwave frequencies. A typical phenomenon is wave diffraction
from obstacles. As already mentioned, such a phenomenon is strictly related to the ratio between the
wavelength l and the obstacle dimension d. The following example illustrates this point.
While an acoustic signal whose wavelength is of the order of tenths of centimetres can easily reach
a listener sitting behind a wall 2 or 3 metres high, the same is not possible for an optical signal, whose
wavelength is of the order of fractions of a micrometre. While two people sitting on opposite sides of the
wall can hear each other because the acoustic wave is diffracted by the edge of the wall, they cannot see
each other because the optical wave is not significantly diffracted. The diffraction ofwaves by an aperture
of width d created in a wall is illustrated in Figure 1.2 under different conditions when d� l or d� l.As can be seen, in the former case the wave is diffracted by the aperture edges so as to propagate beyond
the wall in all directions. On the contrary, in the latter case, the wave propagates through the aperture in
a straight fashion reaching only the points located in the direction of the incident wave.
Figure 1.1 The electromagnetic spectrum.
2 MICROWAVE AND RF ENGINEERING
Other phenomena difficult to perceive on the basis of simple intuition are due to evanescent waves,
i.e. waves that are attenuated in a losslessmedium.2 Indeed, suchwaves can produce interactions between
distant objects and circuit elements producing energy exchanges between them. This is a phenomenon
that is totally unexpected on the basis of normal experience of mechanical phenomena. One of these
effects is the optical tunnel effect, which consists of the transmission of power through space regions
where the EM wave does not propagate but is evanescent.3 The interaction through evanescent fields
is also responsible for the altered responses of circuit elements when put in relatively close proximity,
so that the circuit models of the isolated elements can no longer be employed.
The distributed character of microwave circuits is responsible for other phenomena that do not occur
at low frequencies when all circuit elements can be considered as lumped. A microwave filter never
behaves as an ideal lumped element filter, which normally possesses one passband and one stopband,
but contains a virtually unlimited number of spurious passbands. A microwave amplifier is not merely a
diagramblockwith an associated gain (and possibly a noise figure) but has frequency-dependent gain and
mismatch, distorts the signal, adds noise, and, in the worst case, self-oscillates.
When, in the design of microwave circuits, we are confronted with the practical implementation of
the theory, surprisesmay occur ifwe blindly trust the design tools at our disposal. It must be borne inmind
that the simulators, though indispensable tools in the analysis and design of our circuits, are based on
Figure 1.2 EM wave diffraction by an aperture for (a) d� l and (b) d� l.
2 See for example the phenomenon of total reflection described in Section 2.10.1.3 This has recently been proposed as a possibleway to provide ameans to recharge the batteries of portable devices.
INTRODUCTION 3
models, and thus can predict the actual responses of our circuits as long as such models accurately
represent the corresponding structures or circuit elements. In the same way, the numerical values that
appear on the display of a measuring instrument are not the quantity under measurement, but just another
physical quantity related to it in a more or less accurate way.
In spite of such difficulties, or perhaps just because of them, microwaves are a technology and a
discipline that are at the same time both stimulating and fascinating. This book attempts to attenuate some
theoretical difficulties by presenting the discipline in as simple a way as we could, but we need to stress
that the problems one has to face when dealing with microwaves never run out, even after years of study
and professional practice.
1.2 Frequency bands
Although the term microwaves should concern a methodology rather than a frequency range, a
conventional subdivision into frequency bands is clearly needed for practical reasons. This does not
eliminate some confusion since different conventions are in use.
Table 1.1 lists the frequency band designations according to the CCIR (Consultative Committee on
International Radio) over the full 30 Hz to 300 GHz spectrum. The microwave spectrum actually
occupies the bands 9 (UHF), 10 (SHF) and 11(EHF).
The most common designation of microwave bands is that quoted in Table 1.2, where a letter is used
to designate the various bands. Such a denomination dates back to the SecondWorldWar, when random
letters were chosen in order to confuse the enemy, but some confusion is still present [2] (e.g. in some
books the Q band is used for the 33–50 GHz band).
From a practical point of view, the selection of a frequency band is based on the specific application
and on the characteristics of the EM wave propagating in the atmosphere. The ratio d/l between the
circuit dimension and thewavelength is of paramount importance in determining the ability of an antenna
to radiate the EM field into space. To this end, the circuit dimensions and the wavelength should be of
the same order of magnitude, so that the higher the frequency, the smaller the antenna size. Similarly,
the speed of data transmission depends on the frequency band employed. The use of higher frequencies
allows one to increase the channel capacity and thus to increase the data transmission rate. The
propagation through the atmosphere, however, produces attenuations that depend not only on the
distance, as in free space, but also on the physical and chemical properties of the medium, as illustrated
by Figure 1.3, where atmospheric attenuation is plotted at sea level and at 4000 m altitude.
Table 1.1 Denomination of radio bands.
Band Denomination Frequency range Wavelengths
1 ELF < 30 Hz >10 000 km
2 SLF 30–300 Hz 10 000–1000 km
3 ULF 300 Hz–3 kHz 1000–100 km
4 VLF 3–30 kHz 100–10 km
5 LF 30–300 kHz 10–1 km
6 MF 300 kHz–3 MHz 1 km–100m
7 HF 3–30 MHz 100–10m
8 VHF 30–300 MHz 10–1m
9 UHF 300 MHz–3 GHz 1m–10 cm
10 SHF 3–30 GHz 10–1 cm
11 EHF 30–300 GHz 10–1mm
12 LHF >300 GHz < 1mm
4 MICROWAVE AND RF ENGINEERING
As can be seen in the figure, the attenuation rapidly increases over 10 GHz with a non-monotonic
behaviour, reaching the peaks due to water vapour absorption at 22 GHz and oxygen absorption at
63 GHz, the minima of attenuation being located at 24 and 94 GHz.
In general, as observed above, the use of ever higher frequencies is spurred by a number of advantages
such as the reduced dimensions of the components (antennas, line sections, circuit elements), wider
bandwidths, high signal processing and data transmission speeds, higher radar resolution, higher antenna
directivities and thus reduced interference. By contrast, the use of higher frequencies involves a number
of practical problems, such as higher atmospheric attenuation (although not necessarily), more stringent
fabrication tolerances (because of the reduced dimensions), higher fabrication costs, higher circuit loss
and reduced available power from the solid state devices, and lower or insufficient maturity of the
semiconductor technology.
For such contrasting reasons, most civil RF systems (such as television, cellular communications,
GPS, microwave ovens) employ frequencies located between 500 MHz and 5 GHz, corresponding to
4001003010 300
4000 MSL
sea level millimetre waves
H2OH2O H2O
O2O2
Atte
nuat
ion,
dB
/km
Frequency, GHz
3
1E-3
0.01
0.1
1
10
10011030
Wavelength, mm
Figure 1.3 Atmospheric attenuation.
Table 1.2 IEEE denomination of microwave frequency bands.
Denomination Frequency range (GHz)
UHF 0.3–1
L 1–2
S 2–4
C 4–8
X 8–12
Ku 12–18
K 18–27
Ka 27–40
V 40–75
W 75–110
Millimetre waves 30–300
Submillimetre waves 300–3000
INTRODUCTION 5
wavelengths between 6 and 60 cm. As pointed out in [2], this is due, on the one hand, to the antenna size,
which needs to be small enough, and, on the other hand, to the increase of atmospheric attenuation
at higher frequencies. The latter would require higher radiated powers, also involving a potential risk to
the population. For example, if for practical reasons a maximum antenna size of 10 cm is chosen, the
condition d/l> 0.1 implies a frequency no lower than 300 MHz.
1.3 Applications
RF andmicrowave technology, originally finalized for military applications (radar), is nowadays spurred
by a number of civil applications, especially cellular telephony and the so-called personal communica-
tion systems (PCS). Communications remain themost important application areawhere, besides cellular
telephonyand satellite communications,wemay include radio and television broadcasting,wireless local
area networks (WLANs) and point–multipoint broadcasting systems, namely LMDS (Local Multipoint
Distribution Systems) and MMDS (Multipoint Multichannel Distribution Systems).
RF and microwave technology also concerns several application sectors including, among others:
. Navigation and localization systems, such as GPS, based on 24 orbiting satellites and providing
the user with geographical coordinates and height, or the corresponding European systemGalileo,
and aircraft landing systems such as MLS (Microwave Landing System).
. Electromagnetic sensors for the measurement and characterization of physical quantities and the
properties of materials for industrial applications.
. Weather forecasting and remote sensing of environmental parameters (e.g. temperature, wind
speed, water content) and monitoring of natural resources.
. Automotive, road traffic aids and control.
. Civil and military surveillance systems.
. Healthcare and medicine, for investigation, diagnosis and treatment, such as microwave hyper-
thermia for treating cancer.
. Radio astronomy and space exploration.
. Microwave imaging, for civil and military applications.
. RF identification (RFID), a technique which is rapidly replacing the bar code system to identify
and track products, animals or persons using RFs.
. Food processing, industrial treatment (drying, curing, heating, etc.) ofmaterials and goods (e.g. for
killing pests).
We should not fail tomention scientific research,which is the basis for future developments invarious and
newsworthy directions (e.g. lower energy consumption) to support humanity. The reader should consult
thewebsite of EURAMIG, the EuropeanRadio andMicrowave Interest Group (http://www.euramig.org/),
a non-profit European initiative for the promotion of microwaves and RF.
It is not necessary to recall that the pervasiveness ofmicrowave technology in everyday life is such as
to induce fears about possible biological risks to humans and living organisms.Avast area of investigation
has been developed concerning the interaction of EM fields (not only within the RF spectrum) with
biological systems. The reader may deepen his or her knowledge on what is called, in general terms,
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), by consulting the research literature on this subject (e.g. [3, 4]).
Figure 1.4 displays the main applications of microwaves and RF. Actually, the list could be extended
much further, but it might shortly become obsolete. One can indeed expect that the use of EM fields
6 MICROWAVE AND RF ENGINEERING
Applications ofMicrowaves and RF
IndustrialRadar
Terrestrial Satellite Civilian Military
Air trafficcontrol
Ship trafficcontrol
Remotesensing
Spacevehicles
Car trafficcontrol
Surveillance Navigation
Guidance ofweapons
Electronicwarfare
Hyperthermia ImagingProcesscontrol
Drying
Curing
Biomedical
MMDSLMDS
WLAN TelephonyCellular
Communications
Telephony
PCS
Sensingand
monitoring
Wastetreatment
Figure 1.4 Applications of microwaves and radio frequencies.
INTRODUCTIO
N7
is destined to spread further to the most diverse applications – some useful, others less so, or possibly
useless – like many everyday items that the market imposes on us for solving problems that nobody
perceives today but that tomorrow we might not be able to do without.
A vast literature of treatises, textbooks and handbooks has been published on the subject of
microwaves, RF and applications since the first decades of the twentieth century. In the bibliography
at the end of this chapter the reader will find a very short and somewhat arbitrary list of those books,
chosen from the most popular ones.
Bibliography
1. N. Carrara, ‘The detection of microwaves’, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE),
Vol. 20, No. 10, pp. 1615–1625, 1932.
2. T. H. Lee, Planar Microwave Engineering, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004.
3. C. R. Paul, Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester,
2006.
4. H. Ott, Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, 2009.
5. J. A. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941.
6. N. Marcuvitz, Waveguide Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1951.
7. R. E. Collin, Field Theory of Guided Waves, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960.
8. C. G.Montgomery, R. H. Dicke and E.M. Purcell,Principles of Microwave Circuits, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1948 and Peter Peregrinus, Stevenage, 1987.
9. R. F. Harrington, Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961.
10. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1962.
11. S. Ramo, J. R. Whinnery and T. Van Duzer, Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1984.
12. J. D. Kraus, Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.
13. C. A. Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, JohnWiley& Sons, Inc., NewYork, 1989.
14. D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, 2004.
8 MICROWAVE AND RF ENGINEERING