MIDTERM

* Midterm Review: Thursday, March 7

* Midterm Date: Tuesday, March 12

Hostile Personalityhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78b67l_yxUc

Hostile Personality and Health

Hostile Personality IS NOT: Angry all the time

Aggressive all the time

Hostile Personality IS: Way of perceiving the world

* Distrustful * Cynical

* Suspicious * Vigilant

Highly stable trait: Correlation over 4 yrs, r = .84

Which gender is more prone to Hostile Personality? Men

Hostility Scale (Cook and Medley, 1954)

[answered “YES”/”NO”]1 No one cares much what happens to you. 2 I have often met people who were supposed to be

experts who were no better than I.

3 Some of my family have habits that bother and annoy me very much.

4 I often have to take orders from someone who did not know as much as I did.

5 It makes me feel like a failure when I hear of the success of someone I know well.

6 People often disappoint me. 7 It is safer to trust nobody. 8 I have often felt that strangers were looking at me

critically.

9 I tend to be on my guard with people who are somewhat more friendly than I expected.

10 My way of doing things is apt to be misunderstood by others.

Hostility and Coronary Heart Disease Among MDs Barefoot, et al., 1983

-1

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

0 TO 8 9 TO 13 14 TO 17 18 TO 31

Hostility Score

CH

D E

ve

nts

MD Survival Rates Over 25 Years:Low Hostile vs. High Hostile

0.85

0.87

0.89

0.91

0.93

0.95

0.97

0.99

1960- 1965- 1970- 1975- 1980-

Pe

rce

nt

Su

rviv

ing

Low HostileHigh Hostile

Pathway From Hostility to Heart Disease

Appraisal of threat higher defensive mode (fight)

more cardiac output ↑ cortisol atherosclerosis

Where else did we see connection between neg. emotion, cortisol, and physical costs?

Depression --> hypercortisolemia --> hippocampus atrophy --> memory impairment

Informational Value of Emotions to Health

Mood affects recognition / interpretation of own symptoms

Pos mood attn. outward less focused on symptoms

Neg mood attn. inward more focus on symptoms

The Dangers and Benefits of Being Happy

Happiness as Health Risk

Happiness as Health Benefit

Illusion of Invulnerability

Blind to danger signs

More health-promoting behaviors

Willing to risk upsetting diagnoses

Less defensive about hearing health risk information

Psychoneuroimmunology and AIDS

Psychoneuroimmunology: New inter-disciplinary area that looks at how psychological states affect the body’s

resistance to illness

AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The virus that causes AIDS.

Psycho-social Aspects of AIDS

Why do some people who get HIV infections acquire AIDS sooner than do others? (Cole, 2000).

1. Sample: gay men who acquire HIV at about the same time.

2. Looks at whether disclosed or hid gay identity, HIV status

Who is more likely to become symptomatic, "hiders" or "disclosers"?

Hiders

Why is this so?

Why Do “In Closet” Gays Develop AIDS Sooner?

Suppressors tend to be “sensitizers”, easily disturbed by any kind of event, especially social events.

NOTE: THIS LINKS TO "TEMPERAMENT"

Is it that suppressing was itself a stressor, stress illness, therefore suppressing leads to quicker AIDS onset?

NO

A. (Hide Gay Identity) B. (AIDS)

C. Sensitizer

How Stress Hastens AIDS Onset

1. “T” cells important player in immune system. Fight infections.

2. Cells sprout molecular “hand holds”, like Velcro, at times.

3. HIV uses these hand-holds to attack cells.

4. Researchers artificially induce hand-holds by using harsh

laboratory chemicals.

5. Cole asks: What kinds of natural chemicals have same effect?

6. Clues: * AIDS faster among stressed vs. non-stressed

* Stress releases nor-epinephrine

7. Finds: Exposing healthy T cells to nor-epi more hand-holds.

Emotion, Learning, and Memory

Class 13

How Emotions Affect Mental Processes

* How emotions affect memory, learning, and judgment

* Emotional intelligence

* Emotions and social judgment

Gordon Bower Mood and Cognition Research

1. Memory for past events

2. Learning

3. Higher Order Functions

* Free associations

* Fantasies/Imagination

* Snap judgments

* Event likelihood

* Social impressions

* Self judgment

Gordon Bower 1932--

State Dependent Memory

Memory associated with an emotional state will be easier to

retrieve when you are in SAME emotional state.

Memory associated with an emotional state will be harder to

retrieve when you are in an OPPOSED emotional state.

Scuba Diver Study

Learn on

Land

Learn Under

Water

Recall on Land

Good

Poor

Recall Under Water

Poor

Good

Bower State Dependent Memory Study

1. Ss learn 16 words in happy mood, then later Ss learn 16 words in a sad mood

2. Ss come back some time later

3. Ss placed in either a happy or a sad mood

4. Ss asked to recall words from "happy" list and from "sad" list.

Learning and Recall in Same/Different Moods (Percent Recalled)

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

Recall Happy Recall Sad

Learned HappyLearned Sad

Number of Happy and Sad Memories Remembered by Happy and Sad Subjects

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Sad Event Happy Event

Recall HappyRecall Sad

Associative Networks

Rutgers

Psych ClassesBooks

Fine diningEasy Parking

day-old pizza

"Friends" re-runsMy friend MariaGet Maria

from airport!!

Associative Networks

Happy

BirthdaysFriends

Emotions ClassWeekends

Fun Readings

Emotions and cognitionAssociative

NetworksMood Congruent Learning!!!

Time Spent Looking at Happy/Sad Scenesby Happy/Sad Subjects

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

Sad Scene Happy Scene

HappySad

Number of Happy/Sad Scenes Recalled by Ss Who Studies Scenes in Happy/Sad Mood

66.5

77.5

88.5

99.510

10.511

Happy Scene Sad Scene

Happy

Sad

State Dependent Memory and Mood Congruent Learning

State-Dependent Memory: How mood helps/hurts recall of things that are already learned.

Mood-Congruent Learning: How mood affects the way in which new information is acquired, i.e. learned.

Number of Happy/Sad Story Incidents Recalled by Ss Who Read Story in Happy/Sad Mood

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

Happy Scene Sad Scene

HappySad

Probability of Recalling a Prompt due to Strength of Emotion Generated by the Memory Associated to the Prompt

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Intensity Rating

Procedure for Emotional Intensity and Learning Study: Session 1

a. Subjects are hypnotized

b. Ss trained to evoke three different levels of either

happy, sad, or angry

Procedure for Emotional Intensity and Learning Study: Session 2 a. Ss access mood they were trained to evoke

b. Imagine self in 4 happy scenes, 4 sad scenes, 4 angry scenes narrated to Ss by the experimenter

1. At emotion level 1 (lowest)

2. At emotion level 2 ( middle)

3. At emotion level 3 (highest)

c. Shift to neutral mood

d. Remove from hypnotic trance

e. Filler task for 5 minutes

f. Free recall of gist of episodes

Average free-recall of happy, angry, sad episodes by happy, angry, sad subjects

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

Happy Episode Angry Episode Sad Episode

HappyAngrySad

Average Free-Recall For Episodes Under Low, Medium, Or High Intensity Emotion

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

Happy Episode Angry Episode Sad Episode

HappyAngrySad