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Overview of presentation
Introduction to the research
Sustainable rural livelihood approach Methodology
Show the flow (census data)
Earlier research findings
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Original research question
What are the economic and environmental
consequences of rural-to-rural migration inthe areas of origin and destination?
Area level;
Not people-centred
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Proposed research question
What are the consequences of rural-to-rural
migration for rural peoples livelihoods in theareas of origin and destination?
Alternative:
What are the consequences of rural-to-rural
migration for the SUSTAINABILITY ofrural peoples livelihoods in the areas oforigin and destination?
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Location in the migration
typology matrix
Internal migration
Rural-rural migration Emphasis on consequences of migration
Analysis at two ends: area(s) of origin and area(s)of destination
Integrative: micro-level agency; meso-levelnetworks and macro-level structures
Interdisciplinary: human geography, anthropology,economy and perhaps some physical geography
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Sustainable Rural Livelihoods
Framework
Scoones (1998); Ellis (1998 and 2000); Carney
(1998); de Haan (1999) Migration as one of three main livelihood activities
that are inter-related
Activity portfolio depends on asset base, access
relations and (structural, but changing) context Activity portfolio affects livelihood security and
environmental sustainability
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Sustainable Rural Livelihoods
Framework(Adapted from Carney 1998: 5)
atural
SocialPhysical
Financial
uman
TransformingStructures &
Processes
* overnment
* Private sector
* Laws
* Policies* Incentives
* Institutions
Livelihood
Strategies
* R-based
* on- R-
based
* igration
Capital Assets
Vulnerability
Context
* Trends
* Shocks
* Culture
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Questions in area of origin
How does migration affect the asset base of
those who stay behind? Natural capital: land, trees, water
Human capital: education, skills, labour
Physical capital: housing, infrastructure, livestock,
tools Financial capital: cash, savings, credit
Social capital: networks, relations, institutions
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Questions in area of origin
(cont.)
How does migration affect the livelihood
activities of those who stay behind? Crop cultivation, livestock production and
other natural resource based activities
Local non-farm activities
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Questions in area of origin
(cont.)
How does migration affect the institutions, relations,division of labour, rules of the game, etc. that
determine access to resources?
Gerontocracy
Gender
Land tenure Income inequality
Organisations, etc.
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Expected problems in area of
origin
How to isolate the influence of migration from
other agents of change
How to isolate rural-rural migration to BAR from
other destinations (not necessary?)
Different types of migration have different impacts
(permanent out-migration, seasonal migration,return migration)
Long-term and short-term effects
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Questions in destination area
The basic questions are the same as in the
area of origin, but the livelihood context isdifferent and migration plays an opposite
role. Hence: different questionnaire
Whose livelihoods: migrants or hosts?
Are livelihoods in destination area more
secure than in the area of origin?
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Questions in the
transregional space
How do multi-spatial livelihoods function to
reduce risk and increase livelihood security? What is the autonomy of individuals in
dispersed family networks?
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Expected problems in the
transregional space
Questionnaire survey findings will probably
provide some answers, but more in-depthanalysis of a few multi-spatial families will
be necessary.
Case-specific
Not statistically representative
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What is relatively new?
Link between migration and environmental
consequences in area of origin In migration and development debate: Link
between migration, other rural livelihood
options (local farm and non-farm activities)
and a more diverse set of assets
Dispersed livelihood system analysis
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Methodology (cont.)
Other methods and techniques
Focus group discussion in destination area(community level analysis and input for
questionnaire)
Census data analysis Literature review for macro level analysis
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Methodology (cont.)
Optional ideas
Short questionnaire for local, autochthonouspopulation in destination area
Field measurements
GIS application to analyse satellite images ofvegetation change
Seasonal migrant diaries
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Policy contributions?
Recommendations to government agencies and NGOs
to help the people reduce the negative consequences
of migration and further develop the positive ones
in areas of:
Services
Investment opportunities Environmental management
Land tenure
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The flow: Ghana Census 2000
About 31% of people born in the UWR have
migrated to another region in Ghana About 12.5 % of people born in the UWR
have migrated to the Brong Ahafo Region
For both, about 45% are women About 5% of the inhabitants of the Brong-
Ahafo Region were born in the UWR
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Ghana Census 2000 (cont.)
More than 50% of the Dagaba people are no
longer living in the UWR (including secondgeneration)
About 18% are living in the BAR where they
form About 7% of the population
Dagaba people have mostly settled in the
Central-Northern part of the region
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Ghana Census 2000 (cont.)
Seasonal migration:
8% of UWR-ers counted elsewhere in thecountry
Return migration:
1.3% of those counted in the UWR wereusual residents of other regions five years
ago
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M.A. Research
Livelihood adaptation to climate change
among rural households in Northwest Ghana
Important role of migration
www.home.zonnet.nl/keesvandergeest
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Findings on migration
Context:
Agro-ecological conditions Population density
Macro-level: structuralist explanations
Individual / House
hold / Lineage level:
Some survey findings
Livelihood histories and in-depth analysis
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Agro-ecological conditions
Uni-modal rainfall pattern in N-Ghana, bi-
modal in S-Ghana High variability of rainfall in N-Ghana
Decreasing amounts of rainfall in N-Ghana
Low soil fertility in N-Ghana
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Annual rainfall and inter-annualvaria ility in awra (1926-1979) andNandom (80-99)
0
200
400
600
800
10001200
1400
1600
1800
1926
1930
1934
1938
1942
1946
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
A
nnualRainfall(m
m)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Variability(%)
Annual Rainfall 10 year moving variability 10 year moving average
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Population density
Upper West Region: 34 inh/km2
Lawra District: 90 inh/km2
Brong-Ahafo Region: 46 inh/km2
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Macro-level: structural-
historical explanations
Around 1900: Colonial rule in area of origin
Forced migration Cocoa boom
Northern Ghana as a labour reservoir forsouthern export economy
No investments: perpetuation of migration
Increased cash needs
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Survey findings (60 hh)
Seasonal Labour Migration
Dispersed Family Networks Remittances
Return migration
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Seasonal labour migration
38 seasonal migrants in 29 out of 60 households
Young male dominance
Mainly agricultural work (maize and yam)
Average net savings: 85 US$
Represented 8% of total household income, but
more in poor and middle income households Important: money from outside local economy
Decreased pressure on food supply
No data on how exactly the money was spent
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Dispersed family networks
Everybody has close relatives down south
In rural areas as well as in urban centres Female as well as male
Educated, white collar workers as well as
unskilled labourers Family members move between places
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Remittances
41 households received monetary remittances
Average amount: 28 US$, which was a bit less thanrevenue from livestock sales and about 4% of
household income
Mostly from rural-urban migrants
No data on how money was exactly spent, but muchon education
17 households received at least 100 kg of maize
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Return migration
Only in raw data
Relate to other livelihood characteristics
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DEBATE