Post on 12-Feb-2016
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IMPORTANT TERMS Emigration - leaving one's country
or region (of birth) to settle in another permanently
Emigrants are the ones who consider the push factors when wanting to leave their native land
Ireland
CAUSES OF MIGRATIONPUSH FACTORS- reasons to leave
Not enough jobs Few opportunities "Primitive"
conditions Political fear Poor medical care Not being able to
practice religion Loss of wealth
Natural Disasters Death threats Slavery Pollution Poor housing Better
education/opportunities for children
IMPORTANT TERMS Immigration – is the permanent
movement of people into a region, territory or nation.
Immigration Debate
IMPORTANT TERMS
Immigrant – is a person who moves to a new country with the intention of settling there --> pull factors help make decision
Benefits
CAUSES OF MIGRATIONPULL FACTORS - reasons to move to a country
Better medical care Security Family links Social programs Services for
immigrants
Job opportunities Better living
conditions Political and/or
religious freedom Enjoyment Education
Migration refers to directed, regular, or systematic movement of a group of objects, organisms, or people.
Migration
Human migration - movement by humans from one area to another (local, regional, national, international)
~ 2 million people move from 1 country to another per year
According to IOM (International Organization for Migrants) there are 214 million international migrants worldwide (equivalent to the world’s 5th largest country - Brazil)
Migrants represent 3.1% of global population (1 in 33 is a migrant)
Migration Trends
Women account for 49% of all migrants 2010 - remittances account for 440 billion
worldwide --> 325 billion went to developing countries
20-30 million unauthorized migrants (illegal) worldwide (rep. 10-15% of migrant population)
27.5 million displace persons in ~ 52 countries as a result of conflict
15.4 million refugees
Migration Trends
Asian immigrants from 28.1 million in 1970 to 43.8 million in 2000
During same period Asia’s share of global migrant stock from 34.5% to 25%
Africa in its share of international migrants from 12% in 1990 to 9% in 2000
Latin America & Caribbean from 7.1% to 3.4%
Global Trends
Europe 22.9 to 18.7% Oceania 3.7% to 3.3 North America in immigrant
population from 15.9% in 1970 to 23.3%
USSR from 3.8% to 16.8% (redefinition of border not actual movement of people)
75% of all international migrants are in 28 countries
Global Trends
1. Voluntary2. Involuntary3. Ecological4. Illegal
Types of Migration
decision to move - own free will Ex. people: looking for better jobs, trying
to unit a family or for studying purposes Economic migration --> from poor to rich
countries --> eg. For every American worker who moves to Mexico 6 Mexican workers move to the US
VOLUNTARY MIGRAITON
European expansion to temperate areas such as United States, Canada, and Australia in times of prosperity and opportunity --> colonization
Ontario residents moving to British Columbia for a perceived more relaxed way of life and climate
VOLUNTARY MIGRAITON
SEASONAL MIGRATION – movement of people from their home, for a temporary period of time, for employment or recreation.
retired Canadians relocating to Florida for the winter months
students studying abroad migrant workers from the Mexico &
Caribbean working on Canadian farms during the summer Crab workers
young people working at ski resorts like Whistler.
TEMPORARY MIGRATION – a short term movement of people reacting to a stressor or perceived stressor in their lives.
Examples include: Afghan refugees fleeing Kabul or Kandahar
Hong Kong residents leaving the country in anticipation of political change in 1999.
movement of people against their will Ex. slavery to fulfill European objectives, late
nineteenth-century labor movements from China and India to European-controlled plantations
ethnic cleansing occurred during the post-1938 movement of Jewish population in areas controlled by the Nazi Germany populations
Human Trafficking
INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION
Movement due to deterioration of natural environment (1900-2000 --> 60 million people forced to move due to deterioration of land)
War, persecution, human rights abuses
2001 --> 50 million refugees and displaced persons
INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION
REFUGEES
ORIGIN OF REFUGEES
Involves movement of people because something they depend upon for life disappears or moves out of their environmentEx. degrading soil, disappearing vegetation, drought, rising sea levels, natural disastersEARTHQUAKE IN ITALY
ECOLOGICAL MIGRATION
Movement of people without approval of immigration laws
People want to improve economic opportunities and from the desire of a country to limit access (illegal immigration exists only if there are laws to prevent migration)
Mexico/US
ILLEGAL MIGRAITON
For example, migrants from China have tried to enter Canada illegally - some hidden in hulls of decaying cargo shipsMexicans have avoided border patrols and illegally entered the southern U.S. (6-12 million illegal aliens in U.S. from Mexico)People from Bangladesh have crossed the border into India for better standard of living
Greece Europe
ILLEGAL MIGRATION
Most migrants move from developing countries to developed countries (better standard of living)Most migrants migrate to cities (50 million have already moved from rural areas to cities1.5 million people migrate to world’s largest cities each year
Trends in Migration
1. Developing countries --> movement is from within the country (rural to urban) or from other periphery or near core countries --> these countries attract few migrants from developed world
How does Migration Shape/Influence a city
How does Migration Shape/Influence a city
Developed countries:•attract migrants from other countries (most of rural to urban migration has already occurred)
•migration to Developed countries comes from both developed and developing countries
How does Migration Shape/Influence a city
•migrants from developing countries are usually the rich, educated, and skilled (Brain Drain)
•migrants from developing countries that are not well off are refugees (refugees can come from any socio-economic group)
How does Migration Shape/Influence a city
• Developing countries --> large # of migrants put a strain of services (health, sanitation, housing), may cause increase in unemployment, crime, overcrowding, etc.• Developed countries --> influence of different cultures influence the character of a city - restaurants, stores, places of worship, clubs, etc.
How does Migration Shape/Influence a city
• older areas of city (inner city) become new homes for new immigrants (ghetto enclave) i.e. James Street North in Hamilton --> home to Italians, Portuguese, Asians
Migration has had a significant effect on world geography
It has contributed to the evolution and development of separate cultures
It has contributed to the diffusion of cultures by interchange and communication.
EFFECTS OF MIGRATION changes in population distribution demographic consequences: migrants
are mostly young and in productive age --> what is the impact
demographic crisis – population ageing economic results - which are of the
greatest importance for the development of the countries