MINERAL RESOURCESA PROJECT REPORT AND CASE STUDY ON MINING

Presented By-Manpreet Singh

E&EC12105070

Mineral Resource is defined as a occurrence of natural, solid, inorganic or fossilized organic material in or on the Earth’s crust in such form and quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction.

Mineral Resource

National Mineral Scenario India produces as many as 87 minerals, which includes 4 fuel, 10 metallic, 47 non-metallic, 3 atomic and 23 minor minerals (including building and other materials).

• India possesses a large variety of mineral-ores in fairly huge quantities.• India is rich in coal, manganese, iron, chromites and mica. It is deficient in the gold, silver, nickel etc.

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Major Reserve and important usesMetal Major World Resources Major uses

Aluminium Australia, Guinea, Jamaica Packaging food items, transportations, utensils

Chromium CIS, South Africa For making high strength steel alloys

Copper USA, Canada, CIS, Chile, Zambia Electric and Electronic goods

Iron CIS, South America, Canada, USA

Heavy machinery, steel production transportation means

Lead North America, USA,CIS Leaded gasoline, Car batteries, paints

Manganese South Africa, CIS, Brazil, Gabon High strength, heat resistant steel alloys

Platinum group South Africa , CIS Use in Automobiles, catalytic converters, electronics,

medical uses

Gold South Africa ,CIS, Canada Ornaments, medical use, electronics use

Silver Canada, South Africa, Mexico Photography, electronics, jewelerNickel CIS, Canada, New CaledoniaJuly 22, 2012

Estimated life expiry of minerals depends on two things:

1. the size of the reserve 2. the rate at which we are using it up!

Resource                 Est. Life Exp. in Yrs.              Uses        • Coal                                      200-300                       (electricity)• Copper                                  36                                (electric wiring)• Iron                                        62                                (steel prod.)• Lead                                      25                                (batteries)• Natural Gas                         125                              (fuel; heat)• Oil                                          50                                (gasoline)• Silver                                     17                                (electric wiring)• Tin                                          31                               (cans; industry)• Uranium                               ???                              (electricity)

Distribution of Mineral Resources in India

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IRON

Iron : Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Goa

Copper

Copper : Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim.

Coal

 Coal : Bihar-Bengal- Jharkhand coal belt, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh.

Graphitized Petroleum Coke

 Petroleum : Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra

Zinc & Lead

  Lead and Zinc: Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Gujarat, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim.

Nickel

 Nickel : Orissa, Jharkhand .

 Manganese

Manganese : Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Orissa, Karnataka, Rajasthan.

Chromium  Chromite : Orissa, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Manipur .

Tungsten

  Tungsten : Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Haryana, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh.

Gold

Gold :Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.

Pictures of some other minerals

Mica

Aluminium

Platinum

Silver

Uranium

Tin

Sulphur

Phosphorus

Sodium

Potassium

Gypsum

Talc

Thorium

Diamond

Types of Mining

Surface Mining Underground Mining

Placer Mining

Strip Mining

Mountaintop removal

Hydraulic

Open pit

Dredging

Drift Mining

Slope Mining

Shaft Mining

Hard rock

Bore hole

Surface mines are mining operations that delve into rock to extract deposits of mineral resources that are close to the surface . In most forms of surface mining, heavy equipment, such as earthmovers, first remove the overburden (the soil and rock above the deposit). Next, huge machines such as drag line excavators extract the mineral. Once the material has been removed, the land is recovered for safe use on the surface through a process called reclamation.

Surface Mining

Some effects of mining on the environment

•Deforestation and loss of biodiversity are major effects of mining.(It destroys forest and wetlands. It may mean that you have to cut down lots of trees just to get to the spot that has all the gold or iron ore).

•Many mine require tailings dams to prevent waste being washed into the rivers. Unethical miners can dispense with the dams, to save costs, resulting in massive pollution downstream. In other cases, the tailings dam can overflow, and even breach, during periods of heavy rain.

•Underground coal mining can require the removal of almost an entire layer of material deep under the surface. When the timber supports collapse, this can lead to subsidence. The subsidence can mean economic loss to people above or damage to natural areas. It can even cause cracks in river beds, leading to loss of river flow.

•Some mining involves the inadvertent dispersal of heavy metals, such as lead, into the atmosphere. This can have serious health effects, including mental retardation in children.

•Asbestos mining causes the dispersal of asbestos into the environment. This will cause deaths among local residents and workers, often several decades later. Fortunately, the mining and use of asbestos are banned in most parts of the world.

Because these mineral resources are nonrenewable, we must plan for a day when they will disappear. -What can we do? 1. find alternative resources 2. develop efficient and reliable renewable resources 3. reduce our use and avoid waste 4. reuse what we can 5. recycle (collect and reuse materials from waste) what we can Examples:  hybrid/electric cars, carpool, walk/ride a bike, turn off unneeded lights/electrical appliances, don’t let H20 run, place recyclables in marked containers

A Case Study-UDAIPUR

Mining and quarrying in UdaipurAbout 200 open cast mining and quarrying centers in Udaipur, about half of which are illegal are involved in stone mining include soapstone, building stone, rock phosphate and dolomite. The mines spread over 15,000 hectares in Udaipur have caused many adverse impacts on environment.

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About 150 tones of explosives are used per month in blasting. The overburden, wash off, discharge of mine water etc. pollute the water.

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The Maton mines have badly polluted the Ahar river. The hills around the mines are devoid of any vegetation except a few scattered patches and the hills are suffering from acute soil erosion.

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The waste water flows towards a big tank of “Bag Dara”. Due to scarcity of water, people are compelled to use this effluent for irrigation purpose.

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The blasting activity has adversely affected the fauna and the animals like tiger, lion, deer and even hare, fox, wild cats and birds have disappeared from the mining area.

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THANK YOU