Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite...

transcript

Minerals to know• Calcite

• Fluorite

• Galena

• Kaolinite

• Halite

• Copper

• Talc

• Graphite

• Bornite

• Pyrite

• Garnet*

• Kyanite*

• Staurolite*

• Mica– Biotite

– Muscovite

– Lepidolite

• Gypsum– Satin Spar

– Selenite

• Feldspar– Pink

– Others

• Quartz– Crystal

– Chert

– Rose

– Citrine

– Milky

– Smokey

– Amethyst

• Hematite– Massive

– Micaceous

Mineral Families

*New for 2017

Mineral Properties

• Color

• Streak

• Luster

• Hardness

• Density

• Crystal Shape

• Cleavage

• Fracture

• Fluorescence

• Reaction to Acid

Calcite 2A• Color- all colors possible

• Streak- White

• Luster- Vitreous, Pearly, Waxy,

Greasy

• Hardness- 3.0 (the 3 on the

Mohs scale

• Density- 2.7g/cm3

Vitreous Pearly

WaxyWhite streak Greasy

Calcite 2ACleavage- Rhombohedral,

3 directions none at 90° Dog Tooth Crystal

Nail Head Crystal

Rhombohedral Crystal

Rhombohedral Cleavage

Conchoidal Fracture

Fracture

Conchoidal

(Rarely

observed)

Crystal Shape

Dogtooth,

Rhombohedral

Nail head

Calcite 2A

• Sometimes Fluorescent

• Displays Double Refraction

• Reacts to Acid

Double Refraction

Fluorescence

Reacting with acid

Galena 4A• Color- Silver or Gray

• Streak- Gray

• Luster- Metallic bright or dull

• Hardness- 2.5

Gray streak

Galena 4A

Cleavage- Cubic,

3 directions all 90°

Crystal Shape-

Cubes and

Octahedrons

are commonOctahedral Crystals

Cubic Crystals

Cubic Cleavage

Fracture- rarely

observed,

usually breaks

on cleavage

Galena 4A•Galena is an ore of

•Lead is very heavy,

but it is toxic

•We use lead as

weights, and in

bullets

•We used to use

lead in gasoline and

Lead Paint

Bullets

Sinkers

Leaded Gasoline

Quartz Family• Color- Many colors

• Streak- White

(harder than streak plate)

• Luster- Vitreous, Greasy

• Hardness- 7.0

(the 7 on the Mohs scale)

White streak

Greasy

Vitreous

Quartz Family

• Crystal Shape-

Hexagonal (6

sides)

• Cleavage- No

cleavage

• Fracture-

Conchoidal or

uneven

Hexagonal Crystals

Conchoidal FractureUneven Fracture

Quartz Family

• Crystal Shape-

Hexagonal (6

sides)

• Cleavage- No

cleavage

• Fracture-

Conchoidal or

uneven

• Piezoelectric

Lab Grown Quartz

Hexagonal Crystals

Conchoidal Fracture

Quartz Family

Quartz Crystal- Clear

Citrine- yellow,

orange, brown

Amethyst- Purple

Smokey Quartz-

Black, Gray

Milky Quartz-

Opaque White

Chert- Opaque,

Many colors

Fine grained

Rose Quartz- Pink

Quartz FamilyTourmalated Quartz-

Quartz Crystal with

tourmaline inclusions

Quartz is used for

gemstones

Rutilated Quartz-

Quartz Crystal with

rutile inclusions

Cinnamon Quartz-

Quartz Crystal with

Hematite inclusions

Graphite 15A• Color- Black, Grey, Silver

• Streak- Silvery-Black

• Luster- Earthy, Metallic

• Hardness- 1-2

Silver-Black streak

Graphite 15A

Cleavage- Basal,

1 Direction

Crystal Shape-

Hexagonal,

OctahedralOctahedral Crystal

Uneven Fracture

Basal Cleavage

Fracture-

Uneven

Hexagonal Crystal

Graphite 15A

Graphite has a layer of loose

atomic bonds

This makes it very soft and

slippery

Its dark color

and softness

are perfect for

lead pencils

The weak

atomic bonds

make graphite

an excellent

lubricator

Mica Family• Color- Many colors

• Streak- White

• Luster- Pearly,

• Hardness- 2.5

White streak

Mica Family

Cleavage- Basal,

1 Direction, perfect

Crystal Shape-

Hexagonal,

Bladed, Rose

Bladed Mica

Basal Cleavage

Fracture- Uneven,

rarely observed

Hexagonal Crystal

Mica Rose

Mica Family

Biotite 1A Muscovite 9 Lepidolite 10

Mica Family•Mica is an excellent insulator of heat

and electricity

•It is used in toasters and electronics to

contain and direct heat

•It has been used as windows, and is

still sometimes used in stove windows

•It is very sparkly when ground, so it is

used as a type of glitter

Fluorite 3A• Color- all colors

possible• Streak- White

• Luster- Vitreous,

Greasy

• Hardness- 4.0 (the 4

• on the Mohs scale)

White streak

Fluorite 3AUneven Fracture Octahedral Cleavage Octahedral Crystal Cubic Crystal

Fluorite 3AUsed:

•As an additive in glass and

enamels

•To make special lenses

•To make hydrofluoric acid

•As a flux to help smelt metals

Lenses

GlassEnamel

Fluorite 3A

Gypsum family 5A&11• Color- many colors

possible• Streak- White

• Luster- vitreous, silky, pearly, greasy, dull

• Hardness- 2.0 (the 2 on the Mohs scale

White streak

Gypsum family 5A&11• Crystal Shape-

Monoclinic,

often bladed or elongated

• Cleavage-Rhombohedral, 3 directions

(1 good, 2 poor) none at 90°

• Fracture-splintery

• Slightly soluble in water

Bladed Rose

Splintery FractureRhombohedral Cleavage

Elongated Monoclinic

Gypsum family 5A&11Massive

Selenite

Fishtail

Satin Spar

Gypsum family 5A&11Uses-

•Plaster

•Drywall

•Fertilizer

•Cement

•Carvings

Hematite family• Color- red, black,

grey, silver

• Streak- bright to

dark red

• Luster- Metallic to

submetellic

• Hardness- 5.5-6.5

Dark-Light

Red Streak

Hematite family• Crystal Shape-

hexagonal,

botryoidal,

• Cleavage-

• Fracture-

uneven,

splintery,

earthy

Bladed Rose Botryoidal

Massive Micaceous Hexagonal

Splintery

Hematite family

•Hematite is mined

in Michigan

•It can be used to

make iron and steel

•It is also used to

make jewelry

Pyrite 14A• Color- yellow brassy gold

• Streak- greenish black

• Luster- Metallic Bright or dull

• Hardness- 6

Greenish-Black streak

Pyrite 14A• Crystal

Shape-

cubic,

octahedral,

Pyritohedron

dollar/sun

• Cleavage-

• Fracture-

conchoidal,

uneven

Conchoidal fracture

Cubes Octahedrons Dollar/Sun

Pyritohedron Massive

Pyrite 14A

Ore of Real Gold

Used to make paper

processing chemicals

Old “Crystal Radios”

sometimes used

pyrite crystals

Used to

Sulfuric Acid

Sparks when hit on steel

Copper 10A• Color- reddish, oxidizes green

• Streak- red

• Luster- Metallic Bright or dull

• Hardness- 2.5

Red streak (Bottom)

Copper 11AOctahedral Crystal Wire-Like

Hackly Fracture Dendritic shape “Float” Copper

Cubic Crystal

No Cleavage

Copper 11AUsed in wires- big

to small, coins,

pipes, roofs and

household items

and much more

Feldspar Family 8A• Color- many colors possible• K Potassium is pink• Streak- White

• Luster- Vitreous, pearly

• Hardness- 6.0 (the 6 on the

Mohs scale)

White streak

Feldspar Family 8A• Crystal

Shape-

Triclinic,

monoclinic,

tabular

• Cleavage-

Two or three

planes

• Fracture-

uneven,

uncommon

Feldspar Family 8A

Used in making glass, ceramic, paint, plastic, and rubber

Kaolinite 7A• Color- White to off white• Streak- White

• Luster- Earthy

• Hardness- 2

• No visible Crystals

• Basal cleavage

White streak

Kaolinite 7AUses- glass,

ceramic, cosmetics,

toothpaste, light

bulbs, paint, plastic,

rubber

Kaolinite is made from

weathered feldspars

Halite 9A• Color- often clear or white,

many colors possible• Streak- White

• Luster- Greasy, vitreous, silky,

• Hardness- 2.0

White streak

Halite 9A• Crystal Shape-

cubic, massive fibrous

• Cleavage- cubic, all at 90°

• Fracture- Rarely Conchoidal, splintery

• Soluble in water

Cubic Cleavage

Cubic Crystals

Splintery Fracture

Halite 9A

Talc 11A• Color- white, green, brown• Streak- White

• Luster- waxy, pearly, greasy

• Hardness- 1.0 (the 1 on the Mohs scale)

White streak

Talc 11A• Shape-

foliated

massive

• Cleavage-

Basal, 1

direction

• Fracture-

uneven,

splintery

Talc 11AUses- Baby powder, paper,

electric insulators, carvings,

ceramic, cosmetics,

toothpaste, plastic, rubber

Bornite• Color- Many colors

• Streak- Grayish black

• Luster- Metallic

• Hardness- 3

Grayish-Black streak

BorniteFreshly broken faces are often yellowishWith heat or time the faces oxidize many iridescent colors,

eventually turning nearly black

•Usually massive, rarely

octahedral crystals

•No cleavage

•Sometimes shows

conchoidal fracture

•Nicknamed

“Peacock Copper”

•Ore of Copper

Garnet (family)• Color- Reddish/browinsh

common, all colors possible

• Streak- White

• Luster- Vitreous to Resinous

• Hardness- 6.5-7.5

• Density- 3-4g/cm3

White streak

Garnet• Crystal Shape-

Rhombic dodecahedron or cubic

• Cleavage-indistinct

• Fracture-Conchoidal to uneven

• Slightly attracted to strong magnet

Garnet• Garnet in

metamorphic rocks can indicate temperature and pressure that the rock endured

• Garnet is used a gemstone

• It is January’s birthstone

• Garnet is used as an abrasive

Kyanite• Color- blue & white common,

many colors possible

• Streak- White

• Luster- Vitreous to Pearly

• Hardness- 4.5-5 with grain,

6.5-7 against the grain

• Density- 3-4g/cm3

White streak

Kyanite• Kyanite in

metamorphic rocks can indicate temperature and pressure that the rock endured

• Kyanite is used a gemstone

• Kyanite is used as an electrical and temperature insulator

Staurolite• Color- Reddish- Brownish-

Blackish

• Streak- White

• Luster- Dull, Resinous

• Hardness- 7-7.5

White streak

Staurolite

• Crystal Shape-Monoclinic

• Often found twinned at 60o occasionally twinned at 90o

• Cleavage- One direction

• Fracture- Subconchoidal

• Kyanite in metamorphic rocks can indicate temperature and pressure that the rock endured

Designing a Chart

• I recommend making a spreadsheet for organizing rock and mineral properties

might look

something

like this

Rock properties to be sure you cover

Igneous rocks

• Mineral

composition

• Intrusive/

extrusive

• Magma type

• Crystal size

• Vesicles

• Uses

Sedimentary rocks

• Mineral

composition

• Type (Clastic, etc)

• Grain size

• Grain sorting

• Fissile/non

• Clues to past

environments

• Fossils

• Uses

Metamorphic

• Mineral

composition

• Grade

(High/low)

• Possible

parent rocks

• Foliated/non

• Uses

Mineral properties to

be sure you cover

• Color

• Streak

• Luster

• Hardness

• Density (S.G.)

• Crystal shapes

• Cleavage

• Fracture

• Special properties

• Uses

Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite...

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