● Introduction of Mining● Mining Industry● Prospecting and Exploration

Metallurgy: Mining

REPORTED BY: CANOY, CLAIRE E.YR & SEC. : 2B2- CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY

Introduction of Mining

● Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, vein or (coal) seam.

● Any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory, is usually mined. Mining in a wider sense include extraction of non-renewable resource

Materials Recovered in MiningBase Metals

Figure 1. Gold

Figure 2. Copper

Materials Recovered in Mining

Materials Recovered in Mining

Figure 3. Coal

Materials Recovered in Mining

Figure 4. Rock Salt

Materials Recovered in Mining

Figure 5. potash

Materials Recovered in Mining

Figure 6. Diamonds

Materials Recovered in Mining

Figure 8. Iron

Figure 9. Silver

Materials Recovered in Mining

Materials Recovered in Mining

Figure 10. Uranium

Materials Recovered in Mining

Figure 11. Limestone

History of Mining

Stone Age

Old Stone Age man used tools of wood, stone, horn, or bone to dig flint from softer chalk and limestone.

History of Mining

Figure 12. Stone Age

Figure 13. Stone Age tools

Bronze Age

It is known that bronze age man valued copper and bronze as both artistic and practical objects. The ore was gained by using only simple stone and bone tools.

It is thought that initially raw metallic copper found on the surface would have attracted the ancients to the uses of copper. 

History of Mining

Figure 14. Bronze Age

Iron AgeIron age generally is considering to have

started about 1200 B.C.

Existing iron ore deposits were not exploited in ancient Egypt until the Late Period, but the metal was occasionally found in its meteoric form and put to use as early as the 4th millennium BCE.

History of Mining

Figure 16. Iron Age

The smelting of iron was by the process known as the 'Bloomery' method.

Bellows were used to fan the flames and the end product was a malleable ball of impure iron which could be hammered to shape.

History of MiningIron Age

Figure 17. Bellows

Figure 18. Iron age tools

Mining industry

CountryPetroleu

m (metric tons)

Salts(metric tons)

Lead(metric tons)

Zinc(metric tons)

Feldspar

(metric tons)

Gold(metri

c tons)

Silver(metric tons)

Copper

(metric

tons)

Kaolin(metric tons)

Australia 24 627 200

11 968 000

710 000

1 480 000 50 000 260 1880 870

000 104 708

China 203 014 000

70 377 600

1 981 300

3 842 200

2 100 000 340.88 3085 1 179

500 3 260 000

India 37 712 000

18 610 100 90 400 740 000 546 472 2. 239 148.524 35 500 2 727 946

Saudi Arabia

466 553 600

1 800 000 543 4 897 42 300 4.476 7.760 1 603 62 000

Philippines 1 092 000 557

600 9 318 000 9 300 15 887 40.847 41 58 400 2 490

United States

339 915 000

43 300 000

369 000 748 000 550 000 231 1280 1 110

000 5 420 000

Russia, Europe

171 812 200

3 619 000 3 880 28 200 64 000 14.091 114.460 210

810 45 000

Table1. Production of Mineral Raw Materials of individual Countries

Country Total (metric tons)(1) Saudi Arabia 468,464,955.236(2) United States 391,413,511(3) China 285,758,025.88(4) Russia, Europe 175,783,218.551(5) India 60,462,568.763(6) Australia 39,812,048(7) Philippines 11,053,758.847

Table 2. Total Volume (metric tons) of each country

Ore Volume(metric tons) Place Primary gold 2,108,263,869 Baguio,Paracale, Masbate,

Surigao,Masra( Davao)

Primary Copper 4,052,082,051 Cebu,Marinduque, Benguet Prov. Samar

Silver 2,108,260,000 Negros Occidental, Samar, Davao

Molybdenum 30,600,306 Negros OccidentalChromite 91,576,038 Zambales, Mindoro

Occidental, , Zambales, Plawan

Nickel 1,569,870,783 Zambales, Palawan, Davao, Samar

Table 3. Philippine metallic Ores

Ore Volume( in Metric Tons)

Place

Iron 1,619,933,113 Zamboanga del Sur, Davao, Mindoro

Mercury 1,474,042 flasks Koronadal City

Lead 9,318,000 Zamboanga City

Zinc 6,162,011 Batangas and Zamboanga City

Manganese 7,537,003 Bohol, Trlac, Isabela,Palawan

Cadmium 47 Baguio district

Platinum 942 Zambales

Table 3. Philippine metallic Ores

Ore Volume( in Metric tons)

Place

Asbestos 5,811,000 Zambales and Pangasinan

Clay 450,432,000 Camarines Sur, Bulacan, Iloilo, Laguna

Rock Asphalt 550,000 Leyte

Feldspar 22,706,000 Ilocos Norte, Bulacan, Mindoro Occidental

Dolomite 650,070,000 Negros Oriental,Bohol, Bulacan

Gypsum 2,438,000 Bataan, Batangas, Camarines Sur

Sulphur 19,534,000 Camiguin, Cagayan, Leyte, Sorsogon

Table 4 Philippine Non-metallic Reserves

Ore Volume( in Metric tons) Place

Diatomite 4,573,000 Lanao del Norte, Nueva Ecija, Camarines Norte

Magnesite 52,276,000 Davao

Perlite 13,922,000 Quezon, Catanduanes, Albay, Antique

Sand and Gravel 82,863,000 Cebu, Isabela

Pyrite 13,798,000 Albay, Antique, Surigao

Table 4 Philippine Non-metallic Reserves

Figure 19. Mining map of the Philippines

Prospecting and exploration

What is Prospecting ?

The process of looking for mineral deposits.

Types of Prospecting

● Traditional Prospecting

● Modern Prospecting

Types of ProspectingTraditional Prospecting

Its prospectors was looking for simple, easy to find mineralization-native gold in stream gravels or in veins out cropping on the rocky sides of the mountains

The old-time prospector used a burro or mule to carry his camping supplies, pick and shovel a pan for washing stream gravels

Figure 20. Burro or Mule

Modern Prospecting

The modern prospector is a member of a team of highly trained specialists who use sophisticated equipment in a planned, systematic search. The team generally include experts in geology, geophysics, geochemistry, computer techniques, drilling, mineral economics, metallurgy, and related fields. 

Types of Prospecting

Figure 21. Trained Specialist

Geological guides in prospecting

ProspectingGeological guides in prospecting

Metallogenic associations-It deals with the location where

undiscovered mineral deposit relative of know regional trends of related deposits.

Natural associations The relation of ore deposited

structural features such as faults, brecciate and conformities and the boarders of intrusions is used as a guide in prospecting

ProspectingGeological guides in prospecting

ZoningMost closely followed guides to

ore is the expected pattern of mineral zoning. Ore and gangue minerals change in character with distance from the center of mineralization.

ProspectingGeological guides in prospecting

OutcropsGossans, the residue of red, brown,

and yellow iron oxides and silica that remains from the weathering is used in prospecting as a guide to hidden primary mineralization.

ProspectingGeological guides in prospecting

Figure 22.Outcrops

Prospecting methods

Prospecting Prospecting methods

Direct method Geochemical method Biochemical method Geobotanical method Remote sensing

Direct methodthe topography itself may give evidence of abrupt depressions related to the leaching and collapse of sulfide ore minerals.

Prospecting Prospecting methods

Prospecting Prospecting methods

Geochemical methods-involve the field and laboratory analysis of sampled rock, soil, vegetation and other natural materials for trace amounts of the principal indicator elements of an ore body.

Prospecting Prospecting methods

Biochemical prospecting this method is essentially an indirect means of collecting information from soil and groundwater. Roots of trees and bushes accumulate certain elementsFrom the subsurface and transmit them to foliage.

Prospecting Prospecting methods

Geobotanical prospecting this is a method in which a presence of morphological or mutational changes vegetation is taken as a guide to local geochemical condition.

Electrical SurveyIt uses the

electrical properties of rock to locate any mineral in the area

Prospecting Prospecting methods

Equipments use in prospecting

It is used for by prospectors for close look and to study the rocks.

Equipments Use in ProspectingMagnifier

Suction Tweezer

Equipments Use in Prospecting

For easy extraction of tiny gold.

Equipments Use in ProspectingProspector’s

HammerFor hammering

chisels, etc

Equipments Use in ProspectingShovel

For digging

Equipments Use in ProspectingBulb Snifter

Extracting gold from pans.

Equipments Use in ProspectingChisels

Splitting rocks.

Equipments Use in ProspectingPick

Mattocks For digging hard

rocks..

Equipments Use in ProspectingMagnetic Compass

The oldest magnetic prospecting instrument, which measures the field direction.

Exploration

What is Exploration?

Exploration is the process of closely examining a deposits to determined it’s size, shape, mineral content and other characteristics.

Exploration Exploration techniques

Geological InferenceThis is the primary method in the initial

stage of exploration, it is critical in interpreting the results of other methods.

The prospecting team starts with geologic map of the region. Such map shows the various kinds of rocks at the surface and for thousands of feet underground as well the structural features of the rocks thickness of beds, folds, faults, fractures, and intrusions.

 

Geological Inference

Geophysical methodinvolve the measuring slight

differences in physical properties of rocks and minerals.

Exploration Exploration techniques

Geophysical Method

Equipments use in Exploration

Exploration equipments

Gravimeters Use in gravity method which typically consist of a weigh attached to a string that stretches or contracts corresponding to an increase or decrease in gravity.

Gravimeters

Exploration equipments

Scintillometers Scintillometers is a device used to measure small fluctuations of the refractive index of air caused by variations in temperature, humidity and pressure.

Scintillometers

Exploration equipments

Seismograph Use to measure earthquake. The goal of

the seismograph is to accurately record the motion of the ground during a quake.

Seismograph