Models of UrbanLand Use

Models of Urban Land Use in North America

Study of urban land use generally draws from three descriptive models

1. Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model

2. Hoyt’s Sector Model

3. Harris & Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model

Models of Urban Land Use

These models were developed to generalize the patterns of urban land use found in early industrial US cities

1. None of them can accurately describe land use in all cities

2. Describe patterns of land use in a generic city, do not describe the process by which land use changes

Some assumptions seen through the models (some will be addressed in later

models)• Private ownership of

property• Economic competition

for space• CBD is main point for

employment

• Expanding area and population

• Physical geography plays no role (flat & featureless)

• Transportation is cheap, fast and reliable in all directions

Trade Off Model of Land Use

• Rents decrease as distance increases

• Certain land use types benefit from a more central location

Models of Urban Land Use

Criticisms of all models

• Economic focus

• Marginalize cultural/social influences

• Limited environmental focus

• ???

Models of Urban Land Use

1. Concentric Zone Model

2. Sector Model

3. Multiple Nuclei Model

4. Peripheral Model

5. Urban Realms Model

6. Transport Technology/Intraurban Model

7. White’s 21st Century Model

8. Urban Development Model

Concentric Zone

Sector

Multi-Nuclei

Peripheral

Vance’s Urban Realms

Each Urban Realm is shaped by:

•Terrain

•Overall city size

•Amount of economic activity in each realm

•Internal accessibility of each core

•Inter-accessibility among realms

Adam’s Model

• Focused on intraurban growth• Based on breakthroughs in transportation

technology• A pattern of outward-urban expansion• Occurred in 4 stages– <1888- Walking-Horsecar era– 1888-1920- Electric Streetcar era– 1920-1945- Recreational Auto era– 1945-present- Freeway era–Radial era 1945-1970–Circumferential Beltway 1970-Present

Intraurban growth

Walking/Horse car (1800-90)

Electric Streetcar (1890-1920)

Recreational Auto (1920-1945)

Freeway (1945-present)

Radial Highway (1945-1970)

Freeway (1945-present) Circumferential Beltway (1970-Present)

White’s 21st Century Model

Comprised of seven key elements:

1. Core-still key but functions may have changed

2. Zone of Stagnation-Result of vertical not horizontal expansion

3. Pockets of poverty and minorities

4. Elite enclaves

5. Diffused middle class-based upon life stage and history

6. Industrial Anchors & Public Sector Control-Exert pressure on patterns of land use and development

7. Epicentres and corridors

Joke

URBAN DEVELOPMENT MODEL

Stages of Urban Development Model

• Urbanisation

• Suburbanisation/Exurbanisation

• Disurbanitsation/Counterurbanisation

• Reurbanisation

Urbanisation Stage

• Certain settlements grow at the cost of surrounding countryside

Suburbanisation/Exurbanisation Stage

• When the urban ring grows at the cost of the urban core

Disurbanitsation/Counterurban-isation Stage

• When the population loss of the core exceeds the population gain of the ring resulting in total loss of population

Reurbanisation Stage

• Either the rate of population loss in core tapers off or the core starts regaining population

Suburbanisation Factors:

• Rise in disposable incomes• Automobile• Resisting annexation which lead to

incorporation• Huge demand for housing• Public policies promoting

1. Home Ownership (Govt Loans)2. Highway Construction (Interstate System)

Exurbanisation Factors

• Deconsentration of employment & creation of office parks & manufacturing parks

• Anti-urban location preference (larger home lots)

• Policies favoring ring development instead of urban revitalization

Counterurbanisation Factors

• Decentralisation of manufacturing• Growth of service sector• Early retirement & large retirement $$$• Pursuit of leisure activities• “Modernization” of rural life• Long distance commuting• Anti-urban feelings• Completion of interstate• Growth of energy & extractive industries

Reurbanisation Factor

• Shift in urban economy from manufacturing to service

• Growth in sunbelt cities• High tech growth• Immigration filling inner city areas• Re-focus on urban living

– Revitalization of downtowns• Lofts• Sports Arenas

– Gentrification of older areas

Developing World Urban Land Use Models

Developing World Urban Land Use Models

• Classical (North American) models of urban structure do not fit cities of Africa, Latin America, or Asia because of colonialism, foreign investment, and social structures

• The Third World city’s downtown has both a modern CBD and a traditional market district

• It is still very common for wealthy residents to prefer locations near the downtown commercial areas

• Recent migrants from rural areas typically cluster at the edges of the urban area in squatter settlements– called favelas in Brazil, kampungs in Indonesia, shantytowns in

much of Africa• Suburban nodes and edge cities have not yet developed

Latin America

1. Urban Primacy• Resulting from rural-to-urban migration

2. Spatial Polarization• The wealthy live in walled-off, gated communities, mainly

near the city center and in attractive wedges or corridors of suburbanization

• The poor live in slums and squatter settlements

3. Uneven or dual economies• A large informal sector

• What are some of the different cultural influences seen in this

urban form?

• Are there any similarities between this model and the Western models? Dissimilarities?

African Cities

• Colonial urbanization is seen most frequently in port cities used to export resources– From mines, forests, or plantations

• Colonial cities were (and are) highly segregated– Western residential areas are distinct from

indigenous (or local or native) residential areas

Types of African Cities

• Indigenous City• Islamic City• Colonial City• European City• Dual City• Hybrid City• Apartheid City

Apartheid City

Islamic City

• City center has both mosque and souk/soq (market or bazaar)

• Neighborhoods are stable– Few people move in or out

– No gentrification

• Genders are separated– Separate male and female

spaces

• What are the cultural influences seen in Accra’s urban form?

Southeast Asian Cities

• More than one CBD, each with its own commercial activity– Colonial CBD– Chinese CBD– Often an Indian CBD

• Elite corridor towards the airport• Residential zones are haphazrd• The urban fringe has squatter settlements as well

as new suburbs and new towns• Many gated communities

Colonial Based South Asia City

• Generally based upon a port (trade and military)

• Fort and open space used for protection & recreation (cricket)

• Native area overcrowded and unsanitary

• CBD supported Europeans while bazaar supported natives

Bazaar-based South Asian City

• Older than colonial based cities

• Trade based origin focused on bazaar and crossroads

• Concentric in origin

• Segregation based upon:– Religion

– Language

– Caste

• How well does Jakarta match the Model of the South-East Asian City?