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8/9/2019 Module 4 - Network Models
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Module 4
NETWORKING MODELS
IT Infrastructures & Network Applications (ITINFRA)
Quick Kit
Developed By:
Mr. Peter Abraham T. Solquillo
Mr. Gary R. SorianoFaculty - Computer Applications Program
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Network Models
OSI Model
Open Systems Interconnect / Interconnectivity
Model by ISO (International Standards
Organization)
TCP/IP Model
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol
Model by the US Department of Defense (DoD)
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Visual Representation of Layers
Network
Post Office
What is flowing?
Sent Items Different Forms?
Letters, packages, parcels, money orders
Rules
Rules for packaging & attaching postage
Where?
P.O. boxes, offices, trucks, planes,
delivery people
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Why Layer Data?
It was developed to accommodate changes
in technology.
Each layer of a specific network model may
be responsible for a different function ofthe network.
Each layer will pass information up and
down to the next subsequent layer as data is
processed.
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Protocols
A set of rules or an agreement that
determines the format and transmission of
data in a network.
In data communications, data is beingpassed through several phases. During a
phase, data is changed so that the next
process will be able to read that data.
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The OSI Model
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
This model, released in
1984 was the descriptive
network model that the ISO
created.
It provided vendors with aset of standards that
ensured greater
compatibility and
interoperability among
various network technologies
produced by companies
around the world
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Benefits of the OSI Model
Reduces complexity
Standardizes interfaces
Facilitates modular engineering
Ensures interoperable technology
Accelerates evolution
Simplifies teaching and learning
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THE OSI LAYERS
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The PHYSICAL Layer
Translates communications requests from
the Data Link Layer into hardware-specific
operations to effect transmission or
reception of electronic signals.
Provides an electrical, mechanical, and
procedural interface to the
transmission medium.
Binary Transmission: wires, connectors,voltages, data rates
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Layer 1 Services
Modulation
Line Coding
Bit Synchronization
Bit Interleaving Channel Coding
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The DATA LINK Layer
It responds to service requests from the
Network Layer (Layer 3) and issues service
requests to the Physical Layer (Layer 1).
Provides the functional & procedural meansto transfer data between network entities
and might provide the means to detect and
possibly correct errors that may occur in the
Physical Layer Consists of two sub layers:
LLC (Logic Link Control)
MAC (Media Access Control)
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LLC (Logical Link Layer)
Multiplexing protocols transmitted over the MAC
layer (when transmitting) and demultiplexing
them (when receiving)
Providing flow and error control
MAC (Media Access Control)
Provides addressing and channel access control
mechanisms that make it possible for several
terminals or network nodes to communicate
within a multipoint network
acts as an interface between the
Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer
and the network's physical layer
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Layer 2 Services & Protocols
SERVICES
Error Detection
Flow Control
PROTOCOLS
Ethernet
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) Frame Relay
Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
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The NETWORK Layer
Responds to service requests from the
Transport Layer and issues service requests
to the Data Link Layer.
Provides the functional & procedural meansof transferring variable length data
sequences from a source to a destination via
one or more networks while maintaining the
quality of service, & error control functions
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Layer 3 Protocols
PROTOCOLS
X.25 (Obsolete)
IPv4
IPv6 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
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The TRANSPORT Layer
Responsible for delivering data to the
appropriate application process on the host
computers.
Ensures properly sequenced and error freetransmission
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Layer 4 Services & Protocols
SERVICES
Flow Control
Byte Orientation
Ports
PROTOCOLS
Transmission Control User Datagram
Datagram Congestion Control
Stream Control Transmission
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The SESSION Layer
Responds to service requests from the
Presentation Layer (Layer 6) and issues
service requests to the Transport Layer
(Layer 4)
Provides the mechanism for opening, closing
and managing a session between end-user
application processes
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Layer 5 Services & Protocols
SERVICES
Authentication
Permissions
Session Restoration
PROTOCOLS
Network Basic I/O System (NetBIOS) Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
Short Message Peer to Peer (SMPP)
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The PRESENTATION Layer
Responds to service requests from the
Application Layer and issues service
requests to the Session Layer
Responsible for the delivery and formattingof information to the application layer for
further processing or display.
Relieves the application layer of concern
regarding syntactical differences indata representation within the
end-user systems
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Layer 6 Services & Protocols
SERVICES
Encryption
Compression
PROTOCOLS
ASCII
EBCDIC
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The APPLICATION Layer
Interfaces directly to and performs common
application services for the application
processes.
Services provide semantic conversionbetween associated application processes.
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Layer 7 Services & Protocols
SERVICES
Virtual File & Terminal
Job Transfer
PROTOCOLS
Torrents
Telecommunication Network (Telnet) Post Office Protocol (POP, POP3)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
HTTP
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The TCP/IP Model
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Internet Layer
Link Layer
Also known as the Internet
Protocol Suite (IPS)
Set of communications
protocols used for the
Internet and other similarnetworks.
Each layer solves a set of
problems involving the
transmission of data, and
provides a well-defined
service to the upper layer
protocols based on using
services from some lower
layers.
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IPS Emergence
A better ARPANET
Introduced by Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf
Devised a way to make layers simplified
and it should interface with other networks,regardless of architecture.
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IPS Timeline
1975
A test was performed between Stanford and
University College London.
1977
a three-network TCP/IP test was conducted
between the U.S., UK, and Norway
1982
US Department of Defense made TCP/IP thestandard for all military computer networking
January 1, 1983
Full control of TCP/IP over ARPANET
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THE IPS LAYERS
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The LINK Layer
A group of methods, protocols, and
specifications that is closest to the physical
network components used to connect hosts
or nodes in the network.
A suite of methods that operate only on the
link between adjacent network nodes.
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Link Layer Protocols
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
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The INTERNET Layer
It is used to transport datagrams (packets)
from the originating host across network
boundaries.
Responsible in connecting multiple networkswith each other through gateways.
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Internet Layer Protocols
Internet Protocol (IPv4, IPv6)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
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The TRANSPORT Layer
Responsible for encapsulating application
data blocks into datagrams (packets)
suitable for transfer to the network
infrastructure for transmission to the
destination host, or managing the reverse
transaction by abstracting network
datagrams and delivering them to an
application
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Link Layer Protocols
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
(DCCP) Resource reservation protocol (RSVP)
Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)
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The APPLICATION Layer
Refers to networking protocols that are used
to support various services such as FTP,
Telnet, and BOOTP.
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Comparison of Models
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Transport
Internet
Link
OSI Model IPS Model