1. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 341 Content Standard
Performance Standard The learner demonstrates understanding of
concepts and underlying principles in drafting mechanical layout
and details. The learner independently drafts mechanical layout and
details following the job requirements. Quarter IV Time Allotment:
24 hrs. MODULE 7 Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details
Introduction The objective of architectural design is to create an
effective environmental system. Structural thinking should be
introduced at the early stages in the design process. These will
provide buildings and residential dwellings with mechanical and
other environmental subsystems to support horizontal and vertical
movement of men and materials. It also provides functional heating,
ventilating, air conditioning (HVAC) power, water and waste
disposal. In addition, acoustical and lighting needs are often
influenced by structural design. The requirements for provisions of
heating, ventilation, air conditioning, power, water and waste
services can be visualized in the form of a tree diagram. These
services usually originate at a centralized location and trace
their way horizontally and vertically throughout the structure to
serve the activity spaces. The designer should be well versed with
heating, ventilating, air conditioning systems, as well as vertical
transportation which include escalators and elevators. This module
familiarizes you on how to locate the machines, raceways, wirings,
motors, generations and the like in its proper places.
2. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 342 At this point,
you are heading into meaningful activities and learning encounters.
Complete the exercises and answer the suggested worksheets to
experience lifelong, practical learning that awaits at the end of
this module. ENJOY YOUR JOURNEY! Objectives: At the end of this
module, you are expected to: draft heating, ventilating, and air
conditioning systems layout; draft mechanical details of conveyor
system; and draft fire protection systems ***** Pre- assessment:
You will be challenged to dig deeper into your prior knowledge and
previous experiences about drafting mechanical layout details. This
phase will guide you in assessing yourself by answering questions
that relate with the basics of drafting mechanical lay-out and
details. Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write your answer in the space provided to each number. ______1. It
is the ability of materials to resist the transfer of heat. a. Heat
resistivity b. Latent heat c. Sensible heat d. Insulation ______2.
Which lifts the car usually 3 to 8 in number and placed in
parallel, fastened to the top of the car? a. hoist way b. elevator
machine c. cables d. elevation _______3. It is the heat energy
required to change the state of a substance. a. Heat resistivity b.
Latent heat c. Sensible heat d. Insulation ______ 4. It turns the
sheave and thus lifts or lowers the car. a. hoist way b. elevator
machine c. cables d. elevation
3. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 343 ______ 5. It is
the heat in British thermal unit absorbed by a substance in
changing its temperature without its state. a. Heat resistivity b.
Latent heat c. Sensible heat d. Insulation ______ 6. It is
typically referred to as a chiller plant. a. chilled water system
c. heat pump b. window air conditioner d. cooling only packaged
system _______7. It is a material used to stop the transfer of
heat. a. Heat resistivity b. Latent heat c. Sensible heat d.
Insulation _______8. A window air conditioner typically installed
in a window or custom opening in a wall. a. chilled water system c.
heat pump b. window air conditioner d. cooling only packaged system
_______9. It is the shaft or vertical passageway for the travel of
the car and its counterweights. a. hoist way b. elevator machine c.
cables d. elevation ______10. A special valve in the refrigeration
piping that allows the refrigeration cycle to be operated in
reverse. a. chilled water system c. heat pump b. window air
conditioner d. cooling only packaged system Skills Evaluation
Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that
you must gain in order to draft a quality floor plan. On the right
side of the matrix lists the skills expected of you to master. Rate
yourself by checking Not much, if you are not so familiar yet, A
little and/or A lot, if you are already familiar with the skills.
Dont feel bad if you checked Not Much in all of the skills. Keep in
mind that this is being administered to determine your pre-entry
knowledge of and skills on the lesson to be presented. Skills in
drafting mechanical layout and details Not Much A little A lot I
can draft heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems
according to Mechanical Code I can indicate signs and symbols
according to mechanical layout and detail requirements
4. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 344 Learning Goals
and Targets: After reading the introduction and carefully answering
the pre assessment skills test, you might have ideas of what you
will be dealing with in this module. Now prepare to set your goals
and targets for this module by completing the activity below. Write
your answer in your notebook. My goals are: My targets are: Lesson
1: Draft Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning Systems Layout
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) equipment perform
heating and/or cooling for residential, commercial or industrial
buildings. The HVAC system may also be responsible for providing
fresh outdoor air to dilute interior airborne contaminants such as
odors from occupants, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted
from interior furnishings, chemicals used for cleaning, etc. Know
Goal 4 Goal 3 Goal 2 Target 1 Target 2 Target 3
5. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 345 Operational
Definition of Terms Adiabatic Saturation is the introduction of
water into unsaturated air to increase its humidity ratio. Dew
Point is the temperature at which an air-water mixture will become
saturated and begin to yield drops of condensed water. Dry Bulb
Temperature is the air-water vapor mixture as measured in the
normal way with a Fahrenheit Thermometer. Enthalpy is the quantity
of British thermal unit per minute in a fluid or gas. Humidity
Ratio is the weight of the actual water vapor in a mixture per
pound of dry air. Latent Heat is the heat energy required to change
the state of a substance. Relative Humidity is the ratio which
indicates the degree of saturation of the air with water vapor.
Sensible Heat is the heat in British thermal unit absorbed by a
substance in changing its temperature without its state. Thermal
Conductivity is the amount of heat that flows from one face of a
material to another. Heat Resistivity is the ability of materials
to resist the transfer of heat. Insulation is a material used to
stop the transfer of heat. R Value is a uniform rating of heat
resistance that flows through building materials. The higher the R
number, the greater the resistance to heat flow.
6. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 346 Heating,
Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Air conditioning Air
conditioning may be defined as the simultaneous control of air
temperature, humidity, motion and purity of air in a confined
space. Air Conditioning Systems Air conditioning which is the
process of controlling the physical properties of air, maybe
divided into 2 general classes: 1. Air Conditioning for human
comfort 2. Process air conditioning Comfort air conditioning is a
modern method of controlling the temperature and humidity of air in
an enclosed space so that it will give comfort to the majority of
the occupants of the space. Process air conditioning is concerned
with producing an air condition within an enclosed space that is
most favorable to the manufacturing operation being conducted in
that space. In general, comfort air-conditioning maybe defined as
the simultaneous and automatic control of temperature humidity, and
air motion so that the greatest
7. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 347 feeling of
comfort is produced for the largest number of people. Air
conditioning consists of cooling the air, dehumidifying it, and
placing the air in motion. Cooling the air requires refrigeration,
while dehumidifying the air requires either refrigeration or
chemical treatment. How does an Air Conditioner work? An air
conditioner cools and dehumidifies the air as it passes over a cold
coil surface. The indoor coil is an air-to-liquid heat exchanger
with rows of tubes that pass the liquid through the coil. Finned
surfaces connected to these tubes increase the overall surface area
of the cold surface thereby increasing the heat transfer
characteristics between the air passing over the coil and liquid
passing through the coil. The type of liquid used depends on the
system selected. Direct- expansion (DX) equipment uses refrigerant
as the liquid medium. Chilled-water (CW) can also be used as a
liquid medium. When the required temperature of a chilled water
system is near the freezing point, freeze protection is added in
the form of glycols or salts. Regardless of the liquid medium used,
the liquid is delivered to the cooling coil at a cold temperature.
Functions of air conditioning systems are: 1. Cooling and
dehumidifying air 2. Heating and humidifying air 3. Cleaning of air
(Filtration) Circulation of Air Conditioning Standards 1. Heating
and Humidifying A relative humidity of 30 to 35 percent is found
most satisfactory in winter. With this proportion a temperature
from 70to 75F (21.1-23.9) is comfortable. 2. Cooling and
Dehumidifying For summer cooling, temperature of 76 to 80F
(24.4C-26.6C) and 50 percent relative humidity are frequent design
average. 3. Air Motion A gentle motion of air produces a refreshing
and stimulating effect. The velocity should average 15 to 25 ft.
per minute measured 36 inches above the floor.
8. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 348 Here, the
advantage is that there is a draft air when the supply air enters
inside which is inconvenient to the audience. This is more
convenient than upward method because the supply air is mixed first
to warm air before reaching the audience Upward System of Air
Conditioning of Theatre 4. Air Supply Many codes require about 30
cu. ft. per min. per person. Since the indoor air is recirculated
and reused in air conditioning, a smaller amount of air is
required, 5 to 10 cu. ft. per person is sufficient.
9. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 349
10. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 350 Detailed
construction of a centralized air conditioning duct system (a)
11. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 351 (b)
12. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 352 (c)
13. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 353 (d)
14. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 354 (e)
15. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 355 (f)
16. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 356 (g) Types of Air
Conditioning (AC) systems Cooling Only Split-System A split system
is a combination of an indoor air handling unit and an outdoor
condensing unit. The indoor air handling unit contains a supply air
fan and an air- to-refrigerant heat exchanger (or cooling coil),
and the expansion device. The outdoor condensing unit consists of a
compressor and a condenser coil. Split- systems are typically found
in residential or small commercial buildings.
17. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 357 These systems
have the highest Energy Efficiency Rating (EER) of all the
available AC systems. Manufacturers are required to take the EER
rating and provide a Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating (SEER) for
use by consumers. SEER ratings vary widely and range from 10 to 20.
The higher the SEER rating, the more efficient the AC system
operates. If heating is required, an alternate method of heating
the interior of the building must be used, usually in the form of
electric or gas heating. Cooling Only Packaged System A cooling
only packaged system is a single unit combining all the components
described in the split system. Since the unit is a package, it must
be placed outside the building and indoor air is ducted from the
building to the packaged system and back through an air
distribution system. These units typically have SEER rating from 10
to 18. If heating is required, an alternate method of heating the
interior of the building must be used, usually in the form of
electric or gas heating. Heat Pump Heat pumps are similar to
cooling only systems with one exception. A special valve in the
refrigeration piping allows the refrigeration cycle to be operated
in reverse. It cools the indoor air and ejects heat to the
outdoors. A heat pump can also cool the indoor air, but when the
valve is reversed, the indoor air is heated. Chilled Water System
In a chilled water system, liquid water is pumped throughout the
building to chilled water coils. Since the liquid water needs to be
at a cold temperature, a cooling plant is required. The plant is
typically referred to as a chiller plant. Vapor compression
equipment in the plant, cools the water to a cold temperature and
pump the cold water to air-to-water heat exchangers where needed.
Window Air Conditioners A window air conditioner is typically
installed in a window or custom opening in a wall. The Window AC
can only cool small areas and are not intended to provide cooling
to multiple rooms or zones. These air conditioners are manufactured
as cool only or can provide both cooling and heating.
18. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 358 Packaged
Terminal Heat Pump Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHP) are similar
to a window-mounted air conditioner. These units are typically
installed in a sleeve passing through the outdoor wall of an
apartment, hotel, school classroom, etc. PTHPs are completely self
contained and require only an electrical connection in addition to
the opening in the building shell. They use the outdoor air as the
heat source in winter and as a heat sink in summer. They can also
provide ventilation air. Flexibility and lower installed cost are
the primary advantages of the PTHP. Disadvantages include in- room
maintenance, higher operating cost, relatively short life,
imprecise "on-off" temperature control, and they can be rather
noisy. Controlling humidity with an AC system Humidity is becoming
more of a concern to building operators and owners. High indoor
humidity leads to mold and mildew growth inside the building. There
are several methods of controlling indoor humidity. The simplest
(and most expensive) method is to connect a humidistat to an
electric heater. When the humidity inside the building rises above
the humidistat set point, the heater is turned on. The additional
heat causes the air conditioning system to run longer and remove
more moisture. Comfort requires more than just providing warmth in
rainy season or coolness in summer. True comfort means a correct
temperature, correct humidity or amount of moisture in the air, and
clean, fresh, odorless air.
19. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 359 Directions: On a
separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions. 1. What is
HVAC? ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ 2. How does an
AC work?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ 3. What are the
Air Conditioning Standards?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ 4. What types of
AC systems are available?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ 5. How is
humidity controlled with an AC system?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________. Process
20. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 360 Test I.
Direction: Fill in the blanks with the correct answers and write it
on a separate sheet of paper. 1._______________ is defined as the
simultaneous control of air temperature, humidity, motion and
purity of air in a confined space. 2. A relative humidity of
____________ percent is found most satisfactory in winter. 3. A
gentle motion of ______________ produces a refreshing and
stimulating effect. 4. For summer cooling, temperature of _______
(24.4C-26.6C) and ______ percent relative humidity are frequent
design average. 5. The indoor air is recirculated and reused in
_______________, a smaller amount of air is required, 5 to 10 cu.
ft. per person is sufficient. Test II. Direction: Give the entities
being asked: 1-2 Kinds of air conditioning system 3-7 Elements of
the central system of air-conditioning 8-10 Functions of air
conditioning system
21. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 361 Air Conditioning
Equipment and Controls An air conditioning system has the following
equipment and controls Know
22. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 362
23. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 363
24. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 364 1. Compressors
Compressors used are of two types: a. Reciprocating is commonly
referred to as piston type b. Centrifugal refers to two rotary type
compressors For up to 100 tons, reciprocating units are used
because centrifugal compressors are not manufactured in these
sizes. 2. Condensers Condensers used for liquefying have three
general designs: a. Air cooled condensers Air cooled condensers are
seldom used for capacities above 3 tons of refrigeration unless an
adequate water supply is extremely difficult to obtain. The
principal disadvantages of this kind are the high power cost and
the reduction of capacity on hot days. The conventional air-cooled
condenser consists of the condenser coil, compressor, and condenser
fan with motor, crankcase, heater, controls, service valves and
filter drier. b. Water-Cooled condensers Water cooled condensers
are of three types: 1. Double pipe condenser Also double-tube type
consists of two tubes, one inside the other. Water is supplied
through the inner tube. The refrigerant is passed through a tube
that encloses the inner tube. Refrigerant flows in the opposite
direction than water.
25. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 365 2. Shell and
tube condensers Shell-and-tube condensers are the largest power
version with a water-cooled condensers with a capacity from 10 up
to 10 000 tons. They work on the same principle of "
Shell-and-Coils, capacitors; i.e., with water flowing inside the
pipes refrigerant flows outside the tube. You could tell these
types that the water on the side of the tube condensers, while the
refrigerant in the shell side 3. Shell and coil condensers -
Shell-and-Coils, capacitors have a welded or flanged outer shell
with a coil inside are made of ribbed water tube. Coil inside the
shell is continuous. Water flows through pipes of the coil, while
the refrigerant flows above and beyond. The outer surface of the
heat exchanger tubes and fins are in contact with the refrigerant.
This is a vertical Shell-and-the condenser Coil. This can also be
done in a horizontal position. Water cooled condensing units are
provided with cooling towers usually located on the roof of the
building c. Evaporative Condensers This type of condenser makes use
of both air and water for cooling and is available in sizes up to
100 tons or more. It is applicable in areas where there is a high
cost of water for condenser purposes. However, it uses only 3 to 5
percent of the amount if the condenser is entirely water
cooled.
26. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 366 3. Evaporation
and Coolers A conventional evaporator of an air-conditioning system
includes a evaporator coil, blowers, motors, control and filter.
There are several methods used for cooling in air conditioning: a.
Direct evaporative cooling - (open circuit) is used to lower the
temperature of air by using latent heat of evaporation, changing
liquid water to water vapor. In this process, the energy in the air
does not change. Warm dry air is changed to cool moist air. b.
Indirect evaporative cooling - (closed circuit) is similar to
direct evaporative cooling but uses some type of heat exchanger.
The cooled moist air never comes in direct contact with the
conditioned air. c. Hybrid - Direct and Indirect cooling has been
combined with vapor- compression or absorption air conditioning to
increase the overall efficiency and /or to reduce the temperature
below the wet-bulb limit. 4. Air cleaning equipment Air may contain
large quantities of dust, cinders, soot, smoke, fumes, pollen,
grit, bacteria and odor. These contaminating elements in the air
are removed by filtration and by air washing. Air-conditioning
filters are of different types: a. Dry-filter consists of wire
frames or panels, enclosing felt, cotton, batting, cellulose
pockets through which the air is screened. b. Viscous filters
consists of a series of metal deflecting plates or screens coated
with viscous oil coming in contact with these surfaces. The air
flow is abruptly changed in direction and the dust is trapped in
the oil film and remains there. c. Automatic viscous filters. It is
a system consisting of two endless vertical filter curtains with a
denser front curtain and passes downward through an oil reservoir
with the rear curtain catching entrained oil in the air. d.
Electric precipitators. Consists of a positive electric field and
negative grounded tubes which serves to remove from the air the
fine dusts, mists, unburned particles in smoke and other matters
which would pass through the dry and viscous filters. 5. Fans -
Fans used in Air-Conditioning are of two tubes: a. Centrifugal Fans
(Radial Type of Fan) The air enters at one side near the axis of
the wheel and is discharged radially through the outlet placed at a
tangent to the wheel. b. Propeller Fans (Axial Type of Fan) The air
enters at the rear of the fan and emerges at the front in a line
parallel to the axis of rotation. 6. Air Outlets - An important
step in efficient space comfort conditioning is the proper
selection of air outlets. This section presents generalized
descriptions and
27. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 367 characteristics
of the types of grilles, registers and diffusers commonly used in
commercial air distribution applications today. a. Grilles and
Registers - The term grille is commonly applied to any air outlet
or intake that consists of a square or rectangular face and neck
and whose facial appearance is made up of stationary or adjustable
louvers which may be used to deflect the air. A register is simply
a grille which incorporates an integral damper for air volume
control. Supply grilles and registers usually have adjustable
louvers and are available in single or double deflection models. b.
Linear Bar Grille - The linear bar grille is normally used where an
architectural blend of the grille to its surroundings is required.
c. Linear Slot Diffuser - Linear slot diffusers incorporate
adjustable pattern controllers in a multislot configuration. Slot
sizes are available in in. [13 mm], in. [19 mm] or 1 in. [25 mm]
widths with a choice of one to ten slots. Adjustable pattern
controllers allow horizontal left, horizontal right or vertical
discharge for maximum flexibility. d. Round Ceiling Diffuser -
Round ceiling diffusers consist of several concentric cones
suspended below the ceiling line by an outer cone. e. Square
Ceiling Diffuser - Square ceiling diffusers consist of several
concentric square cones and a round neck. f. Louver Face Diffuser -
Louver face diffusers are available with a square or rectangular
face composed of a fixed modular core. g. Round Plaque Diffuser -
Round plaque diffusers consist of a plaque mounted inside an outer
frame with a round inlet. h. Square Plaque Diffusers - Square
plaque diffusers are comprised of a square plaque situated in a
backpan with a round inlet. i. Perforated Ceiling Diffuser -
Perforated ceiling diffusers are available with a square or
rectangular face supplied through a round or square neck. j.
Radial/Twist Diffusers - Radial/twist diffusers consist of a
circular or square face with multiple air vanes, either fixed or
adjustable, and a round neck. k. Plenum Slot Diffuser - These
diffusers consist of a factory fabricated plenum with integral
pattern controllers for vertical or horizontal air pattern
adjustment.
28. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 368 l. Light Troffer
Diffuser - Light troffer diffusers are designed to integrate with
commercially available light fixtures in suspended ceiling
systems.
29. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 369 7. Control
Equipment Air conditioning equipment and devices are of different
kinds. These maybe: a. Sensing Device. Consists of the following:
1. Thermostats 2. Humidistats 3. Pressure Regulations b. Actuating
Devices 1. Dampers 2. Control Valves 3. Relays c. Indicators
30. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 370 Air Conditioning
Symbols The air-conditioning layout is drafted on plans. The
following are the approved acronyms: Test I. Form the pool of words
below, label each of the equipment and controls in an air
conditioning system. ACRONYM MEANING ACCU Air- cooled condensing
unit. WCCA Water-cooled CT Cooling Tower ATC Automatic Temperature
Control CAC Central Air Conditioner FCU Fan Coil Unit AHU Air
Handling Unit HVAC Heating and Ventilating Air Conditioner PAC
Package Air Conditioner RAC Room Air-Conditioner TR Tons of
Refrigeration 1. 2. 3 4 5 7 8910 - 11 12 Process condenser
evaporation and coolers air cleaning equipment air outlets control
equipment Fans compressor condenser coil evaporator coil blower
partition front grille adjustable louvers thermostat sensor control
panel
31. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 371 Test II. Write
the functions of each part. 1. Compressor 2. Condenser 3.
Evaporation and Coolers 4. Air cleaning equipment 5. Fans 6. Air
Outlets 7. Control Equipment Test III. Direction: Give the meaning
of the following acronyms/symbols. Write the answer on a separate
sheet of paper. 1. HVAC -
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________ 2. FCU -
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________ 3. CAC -
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________ 4. CT -
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________ 5. ACCU -
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________ Test II. Enumeration: Enumerate the methods
used for cooling in air conditioning and describe each
briefly.
32. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 372 HVAC Conventions
Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning equipment is drawn on
floor plans using symbols. They show the location and tube of
equipment, movement of hot and cool air and water. The location of
horizontal ducts is shown by outlining the position of the duct.
The flow of air through the ducts is indicated by an arrow. Air
flow coming from the heating-cooling unit is shown by an arrow
pointing out from the diffusers. Return air is indicated by an
arrow pointing into the duct. Climate Control Methods and Heat
Transfer Heat is transferred from a warm to a cool surface by: 1.
Radiation is the heat that flows to a cooler surface through space
in the same manner light travels. 2. Convection is a warm surface
that heats the air, the warm air rises and cool air moves in to
take its place causing a convection current 3. Conduction is the
heat that moves through a solid material, the denser the material
the better it will conduct heat. Heat loss or gain is the amount of
heat that passes through the exterior surface of a building.
Thermal conductivity is the amount of heat that flows from one face
of a material, through the material, and to the opposite face. It
is defined
33. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 373 also as the
amount of heat transfer through a 1-Sq.Foot area, 1 inch thick with
a temperature difference of 1 degree Fahrenheit. The unit of
measurement for heat is Btu (British thermal unit) which is the
unit of heat needed to raise the temperature on 1 pound of water 1
degree Fahrenheit. Resistivity is the ability of materials to
resist the transfer of heat while insulation is the material used
to stop the transfer of heat, block moisture, stop sound, resist
fire and resist insects. Some kinds of insulating materials are: 1.
Flexible Bat 2. Flexible Blanket 3. Loose Fill Reflective Material
4. Rigid Board 5. Additives 6. Spray on 7. Corrugated Paper 8.
Surface Air Film Conventional Heating Systems The two most
efficient types of heating systems are: 1. Perimeter heating refers
to the heat outlets that are located on the outside walls of the
rooms. 2. Radiant heating functions by heating an area of the wall,
ceiling or floor.
34. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 374 Sample of
Heating Ventilating Air conditioning System Layout
35. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 375 Sample
Residential HVAC System Layout
36. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 376 Direction: Draft
a residential HVAC Layout from the floor plan specified in below
and give details on the following: a. Dimensions b. Specification
of materials to be used ReflectandUnderstand
37. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 377
38. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 378 I. Direction:
Draw a diagrammatic Air conditioning layout based on the specified
floor plan on given above. Be sure to include specifications such
as: a. Bill of Materials b. Time Schedule II. Multiple Choice:
Choose the best answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is the heating of an area of the wall, ceiling or floor. a.
radiant heating b. perimeter heating c. solar heating 2. It is the
heating through outlets located on the outside walls of the rooms.
a. radiant heating b. perimeter heating c. solar heating 3. It is
the unit of measurement for heat. a. BTU b. watts c. kilowatts 4.
It is the material used to stop the transfer of heat, blocks
moisture, stops sound, resists fire and insects. a. conductor b.
conduit c. insulation 5. It is the ability of materials to resist
the transfer of heat. a. friction b. resistivity c. insulation 6.
The heat that flows to a cooler surface through space in the same
manner light travels. a. conduction b. convection c. radiation 7.
The heat that moves through a solid material, the denser he
material, the better it will conduct heat. a. conduction b.
convection c. radiation 8. Warm surface heats the air on it, as the
warmed air rises the cool air moves in to take its place. a.
conduction b. convection c. radiation 9. The amount of heat that
passes through the exterior surface of a building. a. heat loss or
heat gain b. Btu c. watts 10. The amount of heat that flows from
one face of a material, through the material, and to the opposite
face a. friction b. resistivity c. thermal conductivity
Transfer
39. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 379 Lesson 2: Draft
Mechanical Details of Conveyor Systems Assessment Criteria: 1.
Elevators, escalators, dumbwaiter and moving ramps systems are
drawn in accordance with the Mechanical Code of the Philippines 2.
Drawing details are drawn according to architectural requirements
SKILLS EVALUATION Direction: Listed below are some of the most
important skills that you must gain in order to draft a quality
floor plan. On the right side of the matrix lists the skills
expected of you to master. Rate yourself by checking Not much, if
you are not so familiar yet, A little and/or A lot, if you are
already familiar with the skills. Dont feel bad if you checked Not
Much in all of the skills. Keep in mind that this is being
administered to determine your pre-entry knowledge of and skills on
the lesson to be presented. Skills in drafting mechanical details
of conveyor system Not Much A little A lot I can layout draw
elevator, escalators, dumbwaiter and moving ramp systems according
to Mechanical Code I can draw details of mechanical conveyor system
according to mechanical layout and details requirements A conveyor
system is often the lifeline to a companys ability to effectively
move its product in a timely fashion. The steps that a company can
take to ensure that it performs at peak capacity, include regular
inspections, close monitoring of motors and reducers, keeping key
parts in stock, and proper training of personnel. Increasing the
service life of your conveyor system involves: choosing the right
conveyor type, the right system design and paying attention to
regular maintenance practices. A conveyor system that is designed
properly will last a long time with proper maintenance. Here are
six of the biggest problems to watch for in overhead type conveyor
systems including I-beam monorails, enclosed track conveyors and
power and free conveyors. Know
40. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 380 Learning Goals
and Targets: After reading the introduction and carefully answering
the pre assessment instrument, you might have ideas of what you
will be dealing with in this module. Now prepare to set your goals
and targets for this module by completing the activity below. Write
your answer in your notebook. My goals are: My targets are: Goal 4
Goal 3 Goal 2 Goal 1 Target 1 Target 2 Target 3
41. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 382 Escalators,
Conveyors, and Elevators An escalator is a moving stairway, thus it
is sometimes called a moving stairway or an electric stairway.
There are two classes of escalators available the 32 inches and 48
inches. The normal speed is 90 Ft/Min. (FPM) the 120 FPM speed is
used for express escalators. Angle of inclination is normally 30.
Know
42. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 383 Components of an
Escalator Installation The major components of an escalator
installation are: a. Truss is a welded steel frame which supports
the moving stairway equipment. b. Track refers to steel angles
attached to the truss on which the step rollers are guided, thus
controlling the motion of the steps. c. Controller consists of
contactors, relay and a circuit breaker. d. Sprocket Assemblies,
Chains and Machine provide the motive power for the unit. e.
Handrail is driven by two sheaves and is powdered from the top
sprocket assembly. f. The balustrade assembly.
43. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 384 Arrangements of
Escalators There are generally two types of arrangements employed
in an escalators design. a. Parallel Arrangement b. Crisscross
Arrangement The crisscross arrangement is generally favored because
of lower cost, minimum floor space occupied and lower structural
requirement. Moving Walks and Ramps Moving walks and ramps are
different from moving stairways. While moving stairways(Escalators)
have the primary function of moving a large number of people
vertically, moving walk or ramp serves a dual function, that is,
horizontal transportation only, or a combined function of
horizontal and vertical transportation not only of people but also
of wheeled vehicles and large parcels. By definition, a moving walk
is one with an inclination not exceeding 5 degrees, where the
principal function is horizontal motion and inclined motion is
incidental to the horizontal. A moving ramp is a device with an
inclination limited to 15 degrees where vertical motion is as
important, or more so, than the horizontal component. Elevators An
elevator or lift (in British English) is a vertical transport
vehicle that efficiently moves people or goods between floors of a
building. They are generally powered by electric motors that either
drive traction cables and counterweight systems, or pump hydraulic
fluid to raise a cylindrical piston. Lifts began as simple rope or
chain hoists. A lift is essentially a platform that is either
pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern day lift
consists of a cab (also called a "cage" or "car") mounted on a
platform within an enclosed space called a shaft or sometimes a
"hoist way". In the past, lift drive mechanisms were powered by
steam and water hydraulic pistons. In a "traction" lift, cars are
pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved
pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the
car is balanced with a counterweight. Sometimes two lifts always
move synchronously in opposite directions, and they are each
other's counterweight. The friction between the ropes and the
pulley furnishes the traction which gives this type of lift its
name.
44. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 385 Passenger
Elevators Passenger elevators are used to carry passenger traffic
in buildings where several peak periods occur each day. Residential
elevators may be small enough to only accommodate one person while
some are large enough for more than a dozen. Wheelchair, or
platform lifts, a specialized type of elevator designed to move a
wheelchair 6 ft (1.8 m) or less, often can accommodate just one
person in a wheelchair at a time with a load of 1000 lb (455 kg).
The elements of an electrical elevator installation are: 1.
Hoistway is the shaft or vertical passageway for the travel of the
car and its counterweights. 2. Elevator Car is a cage of light
metal supported on a structural frame to the top member of which
the cables are fastened. The car is fixed on its vertical travel in
the shaft by means of rail shoes on the guide rails. 3. Cables
which lift the car usually 3 to 8 in number are placed in parallel,
the weight of the car is being equally distributed over the cables
which are fastened to the top of the car by cables sockets. 4.
Elevator Machine turns the sheave and thus lifts or lowers the car.
In most modern installations, the electric driving motor receives
its energy from a separate motor- generator set. 5. Machine Roomis
the place where the elevators machine is housed, usually directly
above the elevator shaft or hoistway. 6. Counterweights are
rectangular blocks of cast iron stacked in one frame which is
supported at the opposite ends of the cables to which the car is
fastened. 7. Guide Rails are the vertical tracks that guide the car
and its counter weight. 8. Control Equipment is a combination of
push buttons contacts, relays, cams and devices which are operated
manually or automatically to initiate door opening, starting,
acceleration, leveling and stopping of the car. 9. Safety Devices
include: a. Main Brake is mounted directly on the shaft of the
elevator machine. b. Safety System is controlled by the speed
governor mounted on or near the elevator machine. c. Electrical
Final Limit Switches de-energize the traction motor and set the
main brake if the car over travels. d. Oil or Spring Buffers are
always placed in the elevators pit. Their purpose is not to stop a
falling car but to bring it to a partially cushioned stop if it
over travels the lower terminal.
45. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 386 Elevators
Machines Two types of elevator machines a. Gearless Traction
Machine b. Geared Traction Machine. Systems of Elevator Operation
and Supervision There are three systems of operation involved with
elevators. These are: a. Single Automatic Push Button Control. This
is the simplest since it handles only one call at a time, providing
for an uninterrupted trip for each call. b. Collective Control. It
is arranged to collect all waiting up calls on the trip up and all
waiting Down calls on the trip down, the control system store all
calls until they are answered and automatically reverses the
direction of travel at the highest and lowest calls. c. Electronic
Group Supervisory Dispatching and Control. Under this system, the
entire group or bank of cars in a given group of elevators is in
automatic operation at peak periods; and automatically shuts down
successively as the number of car passengers become very low and
electronic control system performs all commands, thus no operator
is needed. Kinds of Elevators There are different kinds of
elevations as to their purpose these are: 1. Freight Elevators.
They are of two types. a. General Purpose Freight Elevator b. Light
Duty Freight Elevators c. Sidewalk Elevators 2. Dumbwaiters they
are small freight for the transport of relatively small articles
between levels. 3. Plunger Elevators. These are oil hydraulic
elevators which are raised and lowered by means of a movable rod
rigidly fixed at the bottom of the car. The system is hydraulic and
operates the same as a hydraulic jack
46. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 387 Standard Bed
Elevators
47. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 388
48. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 389
49. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 390 Test I. Multiple
Choice. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. It is sometimes called
a moving stairway or an electric stairway. a. elevator b. escalator
c. conveyor 2. It is used to carry passenger traffic in buildings.
a. elevator b. escalator c. conveyor 3. It is the standard angle of
inclination of an elevator. a. 30 b. 60 c. 90 4. Normal speed of an
escalator a. 90 Ft/Min. (FPM) b. 100 Ft/Min. (FPM) c.80 Ft/Min.
(FPM) 5. A vertical transport vehicle that efficiently moves people
or goods between floors of a building. a. elevator b. escalator c.
conveyor Test II. Enumeration. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper. 1-3 Systems of Elevator Operation and Supervision
4-5 Types of elevator machines Direction: a. Draft the existing
illustrated sample plan on: 1. Standard Bed Elevator 2. Elevator
Hoist way Roof Detail 3. Elevator Hoist way Corner Detail 4.
Elevator Vertical Wall Joint Detail 5. Elevator Hoist way Flashing
Detail 5. Section View for Hole less Jack System Process
ReflectandUnderstand
50. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 391 Summative Test
I. Practice Activity: Direction: Perform the following: a. Draft a
standard a Sample Bed Elevator as shown below: b. Create a
draftsman portfolio for the following: 1. Standard Bed Elevator 2.
Elevator Hoist way Roof Detail 3. Elevator Hoist way Corner Detail
4. Elevator Vertical Wall Joint Detail 5. Elevator Hoist way
Flashing Detail 6. Section View for Hole less Jack System - with
suggested improvement on the design and efficiency. Lesson 3. Draft
Fire Protection Systems An objective conceptual planning is to
create an environment in which the user can be as safe as possible.
Many of the accidents that frequently occur in homes, schools,
offices and elsewhere are due to the facility design and to user
errors. Safety considerations applicable to all architectural
systems must be considered such as fire protection and alarm
system. The provision of fire sprinkler and alarm as embodied in
the National Building Code and Fire Code of the Philippines should
be implemented. Skills Evaluation Direction: Listed below are some
of the most important skills that you must gain in order to draft a
quality floor plan. On the right side of the matrix lists the
skills expected of you to master. Rate yourself by checking Not
much, if you are not so familiar yet, A little and/or A lot, if you
are already familiar with the skills. Dont feel bad if you checked
Not Much in all of the skills. Keep in mind that this is being
administered to determine your pre-entry knowledge of and skills on
the lesson to be presented. Transfer Know
51. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 392 Skills in
drafting fire protection system Not Much A little A lot I can draw
fire sprinkler plan according to Fire Code I can draw signs and
symbols of fire protection systems according to fire protection
requirements Learning Goals and Targets: After reading the
introduction and carefully answering the pre assessment instrument,
you might have ideas of what you will be dealing with in this
module. Now prepare to set your goals and targets for this module
by completing the activity below. Write your answer in your
notebook. My goals are: My targets are: Goal 4 Goal 3 Goal 2 Goal 1
Target 1 Target 2 Target 3
52. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 393 Requirements for
fire safety: a. There must be at least two means of exit in every
residential room (such as a doorway or window). b. Exit doors must
be at least 0.60 m wide. c. Occupied rooms must be accessible. d.
All door locking devices must be easily disengaged from the inside
by quick release catches. e. The path of travel from any room to an
exit must not be through another room subject to locking. f.
Passages from sleeping rooms to exits must be at least 0.90 wide.
g. Stairs must be at least 0.90 m wide. h. Every sleeping room must
have at least a window which can be easily opened from the inside.
i. Storm windows, screens, burglar guards must have quick opening
devices. j. Combustion heaters and stoves must not be located to
block escape in case of malfunction. Building Classifications
Building code requirements vary as to such factors as type of
occupancy, building contents, type of construction, location and
fire extinguishing system. The code permits trade offs between
these classifications with the goal of obtaining public safety as
can. Classification by Occupancy 1. Assembly 2. Educational 3.
Institutional 4. Residential 5. Mercantile 6. Offices 7. Industrial
8. Storage Know
53. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 394 Classification
by Content 1. Ordinary Hazard Content 2. Extra Hazard Content 3.
Light Hazard Content Classification by construction type Type I
Fire resistive construction Type II Heavy timber construction Type
III Non combustible construction Type IV Ordinary construction Type
V Wood frame construction Classification by location Buildings
constructed in closely packed communities are threat to the general
public than buildings located in an open area. Thereof, building
codes establish fire limits or fire zones within the limits of a
fire zone. All buildings must be designed so that a fire will
remain contained. Fire Extinguishing System Building codes often
require automatic water-sprinkler systems, for they give excellent
fire protection in all types of buildings. A sprinkler system
consists of a network of piping placed under the ceiling. It is
provided with a number of nozzles called sprinklers when activated,
the sprinklers spray water in a hemispherical pattern. Types of
Sprinkler Systems 1. Fixed Temperature System is classified into
two kinds: a. Wet Pipe refers to when water is stored in the piping
b. Dry Pipe refers to when no water is in the pipe 2. Rate-of-Rise
Sprinkler System. Detectors open valves upon any abnormal increase
of temperature. It is also classified as: a. Deluge System is used
for extra hazard condition b. Pre Action System is used to reduce
the possibility of accidental water damage
54. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 395 Sprinkler Layout
The layout of a sprinkler system is classified into three types: 1.
Light hazard is where protection area per sprinkler does not exceed
200 sq.ft. 2. Ordinary hazard is where protection area per
sprinkler does not exceed 130 sq. ft. 3. Extra hazard is where
protection area per sprinkler does not exceed 90 sq.ft. Standpipes
are vertical water pipes with fire-hose outlets at each floor. They
are located so that any fire can be reached by a stream from not
more 75 of small hose or 100 of large hose. Test I. Direction:
Write A if the statement is correct and write B if is not. Use a
separate sheet of paper. 1. There must be at least two means of
exit in every residential room. 2. Exit doors must be at least 0.30
m wide. 3. Passages from sleeping rooms to exits must be at least
0.40 m wide. 4. Every sleeping room must have at least a window
which can be easily opened from the inside. 5. Storm windows,
screens, burglar guards must have quick opening devices. Test II.
Direction: Group each of the words from the pool below to classify
them according to: Process Fire Resistive Industrial Educational
Heavy timber Ordinary Hazard Residential Offices Extra Hazard
Non-combustible Ordinary
55. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 396 Part I. Drafting
the fire protection systems. Direction: Using the only one floor
plan floor plan, draft each of the fire protection systems with
color coding suggested below: a. Fire sprinkler system RED b. Fire
standpipes system GREEN c. Diagram connecting fixtures YELLOW d.
Diagram connecting water source BLUE Summative Test I. Drafting
Fire Protection Systems Directions. Locate/indicate the following
and draft Fire Protection System based on the floor plan specified
below: 1. Fire sprinklers. 2. Standpipes 3. Finalize the fire
sprinkler system by drawing a diagram connecting the fixtures. 4.
Finalize the fire protection system by drawing a diagram connecting
the fixtures from the water source. Transfer Content __________
__________ __________ __________ Occupancy __________ __________
__________ __________ Construction Type __________ __________
__________ __________ ReflectandUnderstand
56. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 397
57. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 398
58. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 399 Post-Assessment
Answer the post assessment below to determine whether there is
significant increase in your understanding of Drafting Mechanical
Layout and Details. The feedback to this post assessment is
appended on page ____ Good Luck! Multiple Choice: Choose the letter
of the correct answer. Write your answer in the space provided to
each number. ______1. It is the ability of materials to resist the
transfer of heat. a. Heat resistivity b. Latent heat c. Sensible
heat d. Insulation ______2. Which lifts the car usually 3 to 8 in
number and placed in parallel, fastened to the top of the car? a.
hoist way b. elevator machine c. cables d. elevation _______3. It
is the heat energy required to change the state of a substance. a.
Heat resistivity b. Latent heat c. Sensible heat d. Insulation
______ 4. It turns the sheave and thus lifts or lowers the car. a.
hoist way b. elevator machine c. cables d. elevation ______ 5. It
is the heat in British thermal unit absorbed by a substance in
changing its temperature without its state. a. Heat resistivity b.
Latent heat c. Sensible heat d. Insulation ______ 6. It is
typically referred to as a chiller plant. a. Chilled water system
c. Heat pump b. Window air conditioner d. Cooling only packaged
system _______7. It is a material used to stop the transfer of
heat. a. Heat resistivity b. Latent heat c. Sensible heat d.
Insulation _______8. A window air conditioner typically installed
in a window or custom opening in a wall. a. Chilled water system c.
Heat pump b. Window air conditioner d. Cooling only packaged
system
59. Drafting Mechanical Layout and Details 400 _______9. It is
the shaft or vertical passageway for the travel of the car and its
counterweights. a. hoist way b. elevator machine c. cables d.
elevation ______10. A special valve in the refrigeration piping
that allows the refrigeration cycle to be operated in reverse. a.
Chilled water system c. Heat pump b. Window air conditioner d.
Cooling only packaged system