MOLECULAR GENETICS REVIEW

•1. DNA is the nucleic acid that stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation to the next

•DeoxyriboNucleicAcid

•2. DNA stores and transmits genetic information

• 3. DNA’s structure/shape is a double helix. (spiral stair case)

•Consists of nucleotides joined together by hydrogen bonds.

•4. nucleotides

•5. There are 3 parts of a nucleotide:•1. 5 carbon sugar•2. phosphate group•3. nitrogen base

•6. Watson and Crick

•7. Chargaff is the scientist who discovered that the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine & the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine. In DNA, Adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always pairs with guanine. Purines always bond to pyrimidines in DNA & RNA

•8. Purines: Adenine and Guanine• Pyrimidines: Cytosine and Thymine (they 2 with “Y” are pyrimidines)

•A purine always bonds with a pyrimidine (A-T and C-G)

•9. hydrogen bonds connect nitrogenous bases. Peptide bonds connect amino acids

•10. What is the complimentary DNA strand to:

•A-T-T-C-G-A-G-G-C-T-A-A

•11. Trascription-DNA-mRNA•Transcribe the DNA strand below to mRNA:

•A-T-T-C-G-A-G-G-C-T-A-A

•12. Translation-mRNA to amino acids (you must use the chart)!!!

•DNA Strand: A-T-T-C-G-A-G-G-C-T-A-A•mRNA Srand:•: amino Acids:

•13.

•DNA Helicase: breaks the hydrogen bond-creates the replication fork

•DNA Polymerase: starts the addition of the new nucleotides to the new DNA strand

•DNA ligase: links the pieces together into a single DNA strand

•14. A codon is 3 base pairs (mRNA) that code for an amino acid.

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•15. Rosalind Franklin

• 16.

•DNA: nucleus•mRNA: nucleus•tRNA: cytoplasm•rRNA: ribosome

•17. DNA-mRNA

• 18. Translation: mRNA-protien

• 19. DNA-DNA

• 20. RNA contains working instructions for the cell.

•Ribonucleicacid

• 21. works with DNA to help code for amino acids to make proteins.

• 22.

• 23.

•DNA: A-T and C-G•RNA: A-U and C-G

• 24.

• 25.

•mRNA - (messenger) – complementary to Dna – carries message from DNA to direct protein synthesis (codon)

•rRNA – (ribosomal) – associates with protein to form ribosomes

•tRNA – (transfer) – transports amino acids to ribosomes – acts as a translator by picking up the appropriate amino acids & recognizing the appropriate codons in mRNA (like a concierge) – has anticodon site & amino acid

• 26. one codon (made of 3 bases) codes for one/each amino acid.

• 27. see chart

• 28. specific traits (proteins)

• 29. genes

• 30. Hox genes – (homeobox genes) – lay out the general body plan of the organism – code for transcription factors that determine what body part goes where

• 31. Mutagens are environmental agents that cause mutations.  Examples include radiation, UV light, & chemicals.  Carcinogens are cancer-causing agents.

• 32.

•Changes in the organism’s hereditary information are known as mutations.  Not all mutations are bad – some may lead to positive changes.

• 33. Computer Activity Today

• 34. /35.

•There are 3 types of these:1. _Substitutions - replace 1 nucleotide with another2. Insertions or deletions - 1 or more nucleotides are added or deleted

•3. Duplication - duplicates sequence over & over (responsible for several disorders)

•Examples on board