Monocolonial Antibody. IB Learning Objective Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies.

transcript

Monocolonial Antibody

IB Learning Objective

• Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal Antibody Definition

• Antibody produced by a single clone (type) of B lymphocytes

• It consists of a population of identical antibody molecules.

Monoclonal Antibody Uses

• A monoclonal antibody has many uses in medicine because:– They are stable molecules– They can be used over a long period of time

Monoclonal Antibodies Production

• They are made from genetic engineering using mouse cells.

• See page 357 in pink IB textbook

Monoclonal Antibodies Production1. Antigens that correspond to desired antibody

are injected into an animal (usually a mouse)

2. B-cells are produce by the above animal and the antibodies produced by B-cells are removed.

3. Tumour cells are obtained. These cells grow and divide endlessy.

4. B-Cells from above animals are fused with tumour cells, producing a cell called a hybridoma.

5. These hybridoma divide endlessly and produce a lot of the desire antibodies.

6. The hybridoma cells are culture & the antibodies they produce are purified and extracted

Monoclonial Antibodies Videos

• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120110/micro43.swf

• http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/monoclonalantibodies.html

IB Learning Objective

• Describe the use of monoclonal antibodies.

Uses of Monoclonal AntibodiesDetermine/ diagnose pregnancy

– Pregnant women produce a urine with high concentration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)

– Monoclonial antibodies that bond with HCG have been engineered to also carry color granules.

– Thus a change in color in a pregnancy test confirms pregnancy.

Uses of Monoclonal AntibodiesTreatment of Disease

– Cancer cells carry specific tumour-associated antigens (TAA) on the cell (plasma) membrane

– Monoclonial antibodies to TAA have been produced….– These antibodies as carry drugs to kill the cancer cell

Uses of monoclonal Antibodies

Treatment of Rabies using monoclonal antibodies:•Rabies infection can be quickly an effectively treated by the direct injection of antibodies •The antibodies are synthesis ed by monoclonal antibody technology •This is an effective treatment for a very serious infection

Other applications•Cancer Treatment •Transplant Tissue Typing •Purification of industrial products

Monoclonal Antibodies Virtual Lab

• http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/immunology-virtual-lab

Viruses & Vaccinations

IB Assessment Statement

• Explain the principle of vaccination

Vaccines

• A weakened (attenuated) pathogen is injected into the body to generate an immune response and produce memory B cells.

• Vaccines don’t prevent infections, but on subsequent exposure to the pathogen the secondary immune response is faster.

Response of the Immune System to a Vaccine.

L ev e l o fan tib o d y

T im e

V = Vacc in a tio n I = In fec tio n

V= Vaccination I=Infection • Sometimes two or more vaccinations are needed to stimulate the production of enough antibodies to fight off a disease.

First Vaccination

T im e

V= Vaccination I=Infection • The first vaccination causes little antibody production and the production of some memory cells.

Second Vaccination

T im e

V= Vaccination I=Infection • The second vaccination, called a booster shot causes a response from the memory cells & therefore a faster & greater production of antibodies.

Vaccination Summary

• There are many diseases in which the primary infection stage can do considerable damage to the body. Some of these are serious enough to be fatal.

• Vaccination (immunisation) uses modified pathogens (Antigen) which have significantly reduced pathogenicity.

• The pathogen organism in some vaccines is dead and in others is weakened (attenuated).

• These vaccines carry the pathogen antigen (epitope) and therefore stimulate clonal selection and the development of immunological memory but without developing the disease symptoms or signs

Viruses differ in shape and in ways of entering host cells.

• Viruses have a simple structure. – genetic material (RNA or DNA) – capsid, a protein shell – maybe a lipid envelope, a protective outer coat

capsid nucleic acid

lipidenvelope

surfaceproteins

capsid

nucleic acid

lipid envelope

Surface proteins capsidsurfaceproteins

nucleic acid

helical(rabies)

polyhedral(foot-and-mouth

disease)

enveloped(influenza)

colored SEM; magnifications:large photo 25,000; inset 38,000x

• Bacteriophages infect bacteria.

capsid

tail sheath

tail fiber

Relative Sizes

viruses50-200 nm

prokaryotics cells200-10,000 nm

eukaryotics cells10,000-100,000 nm

1 nanometer (nm) = one billionth of a meter

IB Assessment Statement

• Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccinations

VIDEOS

Ted Talks on Vaccine

•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19KkFCQz8WQ

•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nncPtxLCPrE

Monocolonial Antibody. IB Learning Objective Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies.

Documents