Monument Design

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Elements of headstone and cemetery monument design (according to Australian Standards AS 4204 Headstones and cemetery monuments & AS 4425 Above-ground burial structures)

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BCF3040A

AS 4204-1994 Headstones and cemetery monuments

AS 4425-1996 Above-ground burial structures

BCF30600 Certificate 3 in Stonemasonry

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Planning Monumental Construction

Fig 1.1 Monumental components

pier footing

ashlar kerb

ledger

pier

pillar dowel

cramp

headstone

base

Plot IDAS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Plot identification1.6: Each monument shall be indelibly & legibly identified in accordance with the requirement of the cemetery authority

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

1.4.13a Granite Commercial definition

Texture: •Visibly granular

•Typically homogenous

•May be gneissic (small-grains) or porphyritic (larger crystals set in a fine-grained groundmass)Composed of:•Quartz

•Feldspars

•One or more mafic (dark) minerals)AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

1.4.13b Granite Scientific definition

Visibly granular

•Crystalline

•Igneous rock

Equiangular or inequiangular texture

•Usually two feldspars and quartz

•Sometimes only one feldspar and one quartz

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

1.4.13c Granite Black granite

Dark-coloured igneous rocks:

•Anorthosite

•Basalt

•Diabase

•Diorite

•Gabbro

•Norite

While mineralogical and chemical compositions of these rocks are very different from those of

true granites, black granites may be satisfactorily used as commercial granite

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

1.4.27 SandstoneSedimentary rocks composed of mineral & rock fragments•Sand particle size 0.6mm – 2mm

•Displaying distinct bedding features

•Fractures around (not through) the constituent grains

•Grains are bonded by various minerals:

•Silica

•Clay

•Carbonates

•Iron oxides

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Appendix C Marble

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

One of a variety of compositional & textural types•Pure carbonate

•White marble

•No carbonate

•Serpentine ‘marble’

•Verdite

•Chlorite

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Appendix C MarbleInterlocking texture & a range of grain size from cryptocrystalline – 5mm•Marble

•Calcite

•Dolomite

•Distinctive crystalline texture caused by metamorphic process

•Limestone marble

•Compact, dense limestone

•Takes a polish

•Marketed as marble

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Appendix C Slate Microcrystalline metamorphic rock

•Derived from shale

•Composed mainly of:

•Micas

•Chlorite

•Quartz

•Micaceous minerals have a subparallel orientation

•Impart strong cleavage to the rock

•Can be split into thin, tough sheets

Table 2.2 Minimum stone thickness

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

3.3.3 Soil descriptions

3.3.3.1 Sands & gravels

3.3.3.2 Clays

(a) Medium sand or gravel

(b) Dense sand or gravel

(a) Firm clay

(b) Stiff clay

(c) Very stiff clay

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

3.3.3 Soil descriptions

(3.3.3.1a) Medium sand or gravel

i. Can be removed by vigorous shovelling

ii. 50mm wooden square post can be driven into it (with some difficulty) using a hammer not exceeding 5kg

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

3.3.3 Soil descriptions

(3.3.3.1b) Dense sand or gravel

i. Sand or gravel requiring picking for removal

ii. Offers high resistance to penetration by excavating tools

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

3.3.3 Soil descriptions

(3.3.3.2a) Firm clay i. May be penetrated by the thumb up to 50mm

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

3.3.3 Soil descriptions

(3.3.3.2b) Stiff clay i. Readily indented by the thumb

ii. Penetrated by the thumb only with great effort

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

3.3.3 Soil descriptions

(3.3.3.2c) Very stiff clay

i. Readily indented by the thumbnail

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

 

Minimum footing requirements

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Minimum footing requirements

This footing design is suitable for:

Headstone & part canopy (max 3 tonnes)

Canopy type (max 4 tonnes)

Other types (not greater than 4 tonnes)

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Minimum footing requirements

Bored piers of ‘D’ diameter must extend ‘F’ distance below the grave depth

Figure 3.1: Depending on soil type and weight of monument,

Note: Centrally placed

Y12 bar

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Commission headstone

Commission headstones are made from white marble

Smooth rubbed to a fine finish

Personal inscription not more than 70 letters

Concrete lawn pedestal

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

‘Dutchstool’

Commission headstone

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Front view of Dutchstool

Bronze plaque

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Bronze plaque concrete pedestal

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Surface must be cast free from voids

Stone or concrete pedestal

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Location holes for rag bolts in bronze plaque

Stone or concrete pedestal

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Top view of pedestal

Front view

Stone or concrete pedestal

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Sectional view of pedestal

Standard full grave cover

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Standard full grave cover

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Longitudinal section

Standard full grave cover

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Top view

Standard full grave cover

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Pedestal

Standard full grave cover

AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments

Sectional view of pedestal and grave cover

Standard full grave cover

AS 4425-1996 Above-ground burial structures

Front view of grave

Types of crypts

AS 4425-1996 Above-ground burial structures

Types of crypts

AS 4425-1996 Above-ground burial structures

Crypt space dimensions

AS 4425-1996 Above-ground burial structures

Top view: singl

e

Top view: single couch

Crypt space dimensions

AS 4425-1996 Above-ground burial structures

Section A - A Section B - B

Cemetery symbolism

Some famous monuments

The Vietnam Veterans MemorialWashington DC

Maya Ying Lin, Designer

The Kentucky Vietnam Veterans MemorialFrankfort, Kentucky

Helm Roberts, Architect/Planner

The Martin Luther King Memorial

Seattle, WashingtonSculpture and fountain by

Robert KellyDedicated November 16,

1991

The USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl HarbourHawaii, USA

Alfred Preis, ArchitectDedicated in 1962

Slot-and-tab tombs in rural Georgia

bottom-up view headstone & footstone with shoulders to support top slab

top-down view

http://www.darkfiber.com/tomb/

The End