MORE FOSSIL FUEL

What is burned by cars late at night?

midnight oil

OILCrude Oil (petroleum): sludgelike mix of

different hydrocarbons. Formed below ground

Oil refineries: separate crude oil into gasoline and other products

HYDRO CARBONS

•Methane

•Ethane

•Propane

•Butane

•Octane (gasoline)

•Diesel

Balance equations for each hydrocarbon on

previous slide

• hydrocarbon + oxygen gas --> carbon dioxide + water

• example: 1 CH4 + 2 O2 --> 1 CO2 + 2 H2O

• Build models for the reactants of any two equations except methane. Sketch & label. Rearrange models to make products for same equations. Sketch & label

SOME OIL HISTORYSurface tar used ~4000 years ago

Modern extraction started in 1859 in Pennsylvania

Today, oil is the most-used fuel worldwide

1st oil wellDrake Well

Titusville, PA

SAVE THE WHALES

Take notes: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

OIL DRILLINGLiquid oil found in pores in underground rock layers.

Oil is extracted using a pressure differential.

Gusher: oil naturally under pressureAs more oil is removed, it becomes harder

to extract.

PRIMARY EXTRACTION: initial extraction of available oil

SECONDARY EXTRACTION: forcing oil out by pumping liquid or gas into rock

1970’s Energy Crisis

•Petroleum production in U.S. peaked in 1960’s, worldwide peaked in 1970’s

•1973 Oil Crisis caused by the Arab Oil Embargo

•1979 Energy Crisis caused by the Iranian Revolution

1973Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) placed an embargo on oil exports for any country

supporting Israel during the Yom Kippur War. Japan &

European allies tried to separate themselves from U.S.

OPEC also raised prices.

After Iranian Revolution,

exports were reduced, causing prices to go up.

~4% reduction in production worldwide.

Widespread panic drove prices even

higher.

LESSONS LEARNED FROM 1970’S?Creation of Strategic Petroleum Reserves

(SPRs). In U.S. about 4.1 billion barrels are held.Development of hybrid

enginesNational speed limit of 55 mph

Department of Energy was created

National Energy Act of 1978 - directed at conservation. (Grants for weatherizing, using

alternate energy sources, etc.)Daylight saving time

implementedBuilding of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez, Alaska

Pump Stations$8 x 109+800 miles

Fractional Distillation

Some Products made with petroleum

OIL PRODUCERS / %OIL PRODUCERS / % OIL CONSUMERS / %OIL CONSUMERS / %

Saudi Arabia / 13.1% USA / 24.15

Russia / 12.3% China / 9.05

USA / 8.0% Japan / 6.0%

Iran / 5.4% Russia / 3.3%

China / 4.7%Germany & India / 3.2%

eachBP Statistical Review of World

Energy, 2007

HOW MUCH OIL IS LEFT? HOW LONG WILL IT

LAST?

Proven reserves - to - production ratio = total remaining reserves divided by the annual rate

of production

Peak Oil Production - Hubbert predicted 1970 for USA

2010 WORLDWIDE ESTIMATE1400 Gigabarrels / 29Gigabarrels/year

=~48 yrsbut . . .

these number change.Why?

OIL POLLUTION ACT1990

•PROVIDES AUTHORITY FOR EPA TO RESPOND TO OIL SPILLS

•Response to the Exxon Valdez spill

NOTABLE SPILLS

•GULF WAR, 1991, KUWAIT

•RETREATING IRAQI FORCES OPENED VALVES OF WELLS & PIPELINES TO SLOW AMERICAN TROOPS

IXTOC 1 1979

•BAY OF CAMPECHE, MEXICO

•WELL COLLAPSED AFTER AN ACCIDENTAL EXPLOSION

ATLANTIC EMPRESS

•WEST INDIES

•1979

•2 FULL SUPERTANKERS COLLIDED IN CARIBBEAN SEA

DEEPWATER HORIZON

(BP OIL SPILL)•2010

•GULF OF MEXICO

•LARGEST MARINE SPILL

•~53,000 BARRELS PER DAY FOR 3 MONTHS (4.9 X 106 BARRELS)

EXXON VALDEZ1989

•Full tanker ran aground

•Largest in U.S. waters until the BP spill

•Notable not because of size of spill, but for damage to a remote, pristine, fragile ecosystem and efforts to clean and protect habitat for salmon, sea otters, seals, seabirds, etc.)

NATURAL GASmostly methane

(CH4)

FORMED IN TWO WAYS . . .Biogenic - shallow depths by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter by bacteria.Thermogenic - formed at deep depths where geothermal heating separates hydrocarbons from organic matter

PRODUCTION & USERussia produces most

USA uses most What happened after the 1970’s

crisis?

TAPS completed.

PRODUCTION & USE

USA uses most. Who?

Losses = energy consumed by generation, transmission of

electricity

OTHER FOSSIL FUELS

Tar sands - dense oily substances that can be minedShale oil - sedimentary rock filled with organic matter that was not buried deep enough to form oilMethane hydrates - gas trapped or dissolved in ice formed in deep-sea sediments

PROS? CONS? TAKE NOTES

Hydraulic fracturing (fracking)Technique used to release

natural gas & petroleum from rock formations.

RESEARCH: METHODS, PROS, CONS, LAWSNotes:

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION

AIR POLLUTIONDRIVE CLIMATE CHANGE

CHANGES BALANCE OF CARBON CYCLE

WATER POLLUTION from acid deposition, runoff & oil spills

(more on these to come)

So does it matter the source of the

fuel used to generate electricity?

RESEARCHCOMBUSTION OF OIL, NATURAL GAS & COAL

PROS OF EACH________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CONS OF EACH________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ENERGY CONSERVATION

practice of reducing use to extend nonrenewable

resources and reduce environmental impact

COGENERATIONincrease efficiency of

power plants by capturing excess heat.

LABS - Due_____•Bitumen from Oil Sands

RESEARCH & PRESENT

Due_______ANWR DebateExxon Valdez

Nigeria, Bonga Field2011 Yellowstone River Oil Spill

Deepwater HorizonGulf War Spill