Post on 24-Dec-2015
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Motivating Operations
Week 8: Antecedent considerations
Motivation Operations
• Also referred to as:– Value altering effect: establishing/abolishing– Behavior altering effect: Frequency
• Establishing operation: Evocative effect• Abolishing operation: Abative effects
Some clarification
• Not just Frequency: Magnitude• Behavior altering effect is not just due to
encounter with change in reinforcement frequency: Extinction!
• SD is not = MO– SD: Differential availability of reinforcement for a
behavior– MO: differential reinforcer effectiveness of an
environmental event.
Three types of Motivating Operations
• Surrogate: Stimulus paired with another– Not likely to be important to study
• Reflexive: Stimulus that preceded some form of worsening improvement– Thanks and holding doors open for people
• Transitive: Stimulus that alters value of another stimulus– Must be just as available (Dr. asking for scalpel)
8 UMO
• Sex• Temperature• Pain• Food• Water• Sleep• Activity• Oxygen• Key Point: These are not SD’s because to have an SD you must
have an Sdelta (neutral stimulus) to signal unavailability of reinforcement is a possible
Altered States
• Drugs• Anxiety• Do not cause behavior! They interact with
environment however.– Moderation Variables.
What about treatment?
• You will never get rid of the UMO effects• You will only weaken momentarily• Must development treatment that focuses on
acceptable behavior to gain access to the reinforcer
UMOs & Punishment
• Difficult to know for sure• Observation of the abative effect requires the
evocative effect of an MO for reinforcement with respect to the punished behavior.
Multiple Effects
• Evocative effect: Do what you gotta do• Punishment effect: Decreases probability you
engage in the behavior that preceded the MO
SMIRC Model
• Stimulus• Motiviating Operation• Individual• Response• Consequence
Behavior Analytic Problem-Solving Model
Beginning to pull it all together
Components
• Contextual Variables:– Behavior occurs in some contexts but not others
• Antecedent Stimuli: Environmental Triggers• Individual Mediators: Internal Triggers
– UMO & CMO• Individual Behavior Deficits:
– Try to reframe all behavior this way (your turn)• Behavior:
– Not enough R+ or too much response effort• Consequences:
– Consider function (careful of response topography and response class).
Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization
3 Types of Stimuli
• Discriminative Stimulus: Reinforcement is available (SD)
• Neutral Stimulus: No reinforcement or punishment is available (SΔ )
• Warning Stimulus: Punishments is available
Discrimination Training
• Learning when to behave and when not to behave
• Reinforcing a response in presence of one stimulus but not another
e. g. Colors
Color Discrimination
What about you?
• When have you engaged in stimulus discrimination today?
Stimulus Control
• Degree of correlation between stimulus and response
• Degree to which a behavior occurs in presence of a specific stimulus– e.g. Traffic light
• Stimulus Generalization Gradient: Probability of response reinforced in one stimulus condition are emitted in the presence of untrained stimuli.
Color Discrimination Revisited
What about you?
• What behaviors do you have that are under stimulus control?
Let’s discriminate
Learning an Alien Language
Effective discrimination training
• Choose distinct signals• Minimize opportunities for error– Minimize stimulus array
• Maximize Number of learning trials• Make use of rules
Stimulus Generalization
• Responding similarly across two or more stimuli
√ The more the stimuli are alike the more likely the response to take place
e.g. finding your car
What about you?
• What behaviors/responses do you generalize across settings?
• Can that response always be generalized?
• Should that response always be generalized?
Classes of Stimuli
Stimulus Class: Set of stimuli with similar characteristics in common
AKA: Concept
Equivalence Class: Set of stimuli with different characteristics, but represent the same thing
e.g. Written name, verbal name, picture of person
Inducing Stimuli Classes
√ Explicit training is not necessarily needed to induce stimulus control across stimuli
• Symmetry: A = B• Reflexivity: A = A• Transivity: A = B; B = C; A = C
Discriminating discrimination among other discriminative stimuli
Stimulus discrimination and escapee.g. hailing a taxi out in the cold: Must
have no patrons in it.
Stimulus discrimination and punishmente.g. Boiling pan: Do not touch or you get burned.
Stimulus Discrimination and Differential Reinforcement
DR- 2 responses (right way and wrong way)and 1 stimuluse.g. Asking mom for money
SD- Two stimuli (Right signal wrong Signal) and 1 responsee.g. Asking mom OR dad for money?
Requirements for stimulus control
• Attention of the subject
• Sensory capabilities of the subject
• The stimulus must stand out relative to other stimuli.