Post on 02-Feb-2016
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MOTIVATION AND WORKMOTIVATION AND WORK
MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION A need or desire that energizes behavior A need or desire that energizes behavior
and directs it toward a goal.and directs it toward a goal. Nature (the physiological)Nature (the physiological) Nurture (the cognitive and cultural)Nurture (the cognitive and cultural) Example of Aron Ralston’s motivationExample of Aron Ralston’s motivation
to live. Hiking accident in 2003to live. Hiking accident in 2003
FOUR PERSPECTIVESFOUR PERSPECTIVES Instinct theoryInstinct theory (replaced by (replaced by
evolutionary perspective)evolutionary perspective) Drive-reduction Drive-reduction theory-interaction theory-interaction
between inner pushes and external between inner pushes and external pulls. Drives usually distinguished pulls. Drives usually distinguished from motives. Drive-strong biologicalfrom motives. Drive-strong biological
component-hunger, thirst in contrastcomponent-hunger, thirst in contrast
to motives that are urges which are to motives that are urges which are
mainly learned.mainly learned.
Physiological aim of drive-reduction is Physiological aim of drive-reduction is homeostasis.homeostasis.
ArousalArousal theory-urge for optimum level theory-urge for optimum level of stimulation. Both high and low levels of stimulation. Both high and low levels of arousal tend to lowerof arousal tend to lower
performance. Moderate arousal usually performance. Moderate arousal usually results in best performance.results in best performance.
Inverted U function.Inverted U function. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs-Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- ranking ranking
of needs- if lower need is unsatisfied,of needs- if lower need is unsatisfied, there is motivation to first satisfy thatthere is motivation to first satisfy that need first before seeking to satisfy need first before seeking to satisfy
other needs.other needs.
Physiology of HungerPhysiology of Hunger When blood glucose levels drop-hunger increases
Insulin secretedby pancreascontrolsblood glucose
Lateral hypothalmushunger triggering hormone orexin Ventromedial hypo- thalamus depresses hunger
GHRELIN –hormone arousing hunger secreted by empty stomach
Leptin –hunger suppressing protein secreted by fat cells
PYY-digestive hormone all suppresses hunger.
Psychology of HungerPsychology of Hunger
Taste preferences-Taste preferences-
Hot cultures like hot spicesHot cultures like hot spices
India –averages 10 spices/mealIndia –averages 10 spices/meal
Finland-2 spices/mealFinland-2 spices/meal
Food aversions during pregnancyFood aversions during pregnancy
peak about 10 week when embryopeak about 10 week when embryo
most vulnerable to toxins.most vulnerable to toxins.
Social influences on motivationSocial influences on motivation NEED TO BELONGNEED TO BELONG
Boosted ancestors’ survival rate.Boosted ancestors’ survival rate.
Influences our thoughts and Influences our thoughts and emotions.emotions.
“ “What makes your life meaningful?”What makes your life meaningful?”
May conform to avoid rejectionMay conform to avoid rejection
May remain in abusive relationshipMay remain in abusive relationship
Motivated to avoid ostracismMotivated to avoid ostracism
Motivation at WorkMotivation at Work Industrial/organization (I/O) psychologyIndustrial/organization (I/O) psychology
Human factors (engineering) psychologyHuman factors (engineering) psychology
Personnel psychologyPersonnel psychology
Organizational psychologyOrganizational psychology
Personnel psychologyPersonnel psychology
Interview illusionInterview illusion Structured interviewsStructured interviews Unstructured interviewsUnstructured interviews Performance appraisal vulnerable to Performance appraisal vulnerable to
bias:bias:
Halo errorsHalo errors
Leniency and severity errorsLeniency and severity errors
Recency errorsRecency errors
Organizational psychologyOrganizational psychology How to maximize How to maximize achievementachievement
motivationmotivation
Self-disciplineSelf-discipline appears to be a more appears to be a more accurate predictor of school accurate predictor of school performance, attendance, and performance, attendance, and graduation honors than intelligence.graduation honors than intelligence.
Example: B.F. SkinnerExample: B.F. Skinner
Satisfaction and engagementSatisfaction and engagement
Positive moods contribute to Positive moods contribute to creativity, persistence, and creativity, persistence, and helpfulness.helpfulness.
Engaged employees(working with Engaged employees(working with passion and feeling a connection to passion and feeling a connection to company) result in less turnover, company) result in less turnover, higher productivity, greater profits.higher productivity, greater profits.
Larry Brown (Detroit Pistons) 4-5 Larry Brown (Detroit Pistons) 4-5 positive comments to every 1 positive comments to every 1 negative commentnegative comment
LeadershipLeadership
Task leadership-setting standards,Task leadership-setting standards, organizing workorganizing work Social leadership-mediating conflicts Social leadership-mediating conflicts
and building high achieving teamsand building high achieving teams Harley-Davidson CEO changed Harley-Davidson CEO changed
leadership from command and leadership from command and control to joint-vision processcontrol to joint-vision process
Unique jobs? p. 498Unique jobs? p. 498