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Copyright 2017 Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. All rights reserved
Moving Ground Simulation for High Performance Race Cars
in an Automotive Wind Tunnel
- CFD Approach on Moving Belt Dimensions -
Christopher Collin 1)
Thomas Indinger 2)
Jรถrg Mรผller 3)
1-2) Technical University of Munich, Institute of Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics
Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching b. Mรผnchen, Germany (E-mail: christopher.collin@aer.mw.tum.de)
3) AUDI AG85045, Ingolstadt, Germany
Received on July 1, 2016
Presented at the JSAE Annual Congress on May 27, 2016
ABSTRACT: For the wind tunnel testing of race car aerodynamics, it is essential to cover the real underbody flow field characteristics,
as they affect the aerodynamic balance of race cars and, hence, the transferability of wind tunnel measurements to on-road conditions. In
this study, numerical simulations have been performed to determine the influence of moving belt dimensions on the aerodynamic forces
for a particular race car. The results are compared with an infinitely large moving ground in open road conditions. Thus, the
requirements for the dimensioning of a single belt moving ground simulation in wind tunnels for race car aerodynamics are derived.
KEY WORDS: Heatใปfluid, Wind Tunnel, Moving Ground Simulation, Motorsport Aerodynamics [D1]
1. Introduction
Aerodynamic performance is one of the crucial factors of
many modern race cars since it often acts as a key driver for the
specific car design. Today, computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
and wind tunnel testing are the main tools in the development of
race car aerodynamics. However, the scenario of CFD entirely
replacing the use of wind tunnels is not yet expected in the
forseeable future. Aerodynamic development using the wind
tunnel often remains the last step before testing a specific
configuration on the race track. Thus, transferable results from
wind tunnel to track testing are essential for a cost-effective
development. Additionally, wind tunnel hours are restricted in
many racing series today.
One of the main objectives of wind tunnel testing is to provide
reliable data regarding the overall aerodynamic forces acting on
the model. In particular, the aerodynamic efficiency, also known
as the lift-to-drag ratio ๐ถ๐ฟ ๐ถ๐ทโ , as well as the aerodynamic balance
of front lift ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐ and rear lift ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐ predominate the definition of the
final setup of the car for a specific race track. For ground vehicles,
the underfloor design turned out to be an excellent parameter in
order to produce considerable down force with high aerodynamic
efficiency. Due to the transformation of relative motion between
fluid, ground and vehicle in an automotive wind tunnel, this
entails the requirement of a moving ground simulation for the
exact representation of real underfloor flow conditions.
Compared to passenger cars, high performance race cars are a
lot more sensitive with respect to the realistic representation of the
underfloor flow conditions by moving ground simulation
techniques. Consequently, modern motorsport wind tunnels are
typically equipped with a single-belt rolling road system, whereas
5-belt systems are expected to provide sufficient accuracy in flow
conditions for a wide range of typical passenger cars. It is worth
mentioning that 5-belt and single-belt systems are merely two
possible methods to apply moving ground simulation in an
automotive wind tunnel. Additional practical solutions are a 3-belt
or a T-belt system, as investigated by Hennig et al. (1), e. g. they
show the results of a numerical approach in which significant
differences in aerodynamic coefficients were recognized for both
different car types and techniques of a moving ground simulation.
However, in the present study, only the single-belt configuration
was investigated in detail. In particular, the moving belt
dimensions, such as length and width, were varied in order to
obtain the necessary belt dimensions for the selected car geometry.
Therefore, a detailed version of an Audi RS5 DTM was chosen,
as it is expected to be an appropriate representation of a race car
with a considerable ground effect. A more thorough description of
the model is provided in section 2.4.
It is well known that the integration of a moving ground
simulation system in an automotive wind tunnel is always
connected to a careful treatment of the boundary layer profile in
order to ideally achieve a block profile of the oncoming flow.
However, this issue was eliminated for the present study, as the
wind tunnel flow was set to be a slip wall until the beginning of
the moving belt.
2. CFD Simulations
2.1. Geometry
The focus of this work is on the evaluation of interference
effects for the dimensions of a single-belt moving ground system.
However, a comparison of results for both a 5-belt and single-belt
system was performed as well. Regarding the representation of
Technical Paper 20174088Christopher Collin et al./International Journal of Automotive Engineering 8 (2017) 15-21
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Copyright 2017 Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. All rights reserved
the โrealโ flow conditions in the underfloor region, the single-belt
is expected to be the best solution for a modern motorsports wind
tunnel. Thus, the following studies on moving belt dimensions are
limited to those of single-belt systems. To isolate the effects of the
moving ground simulation, the complexity of the CFD domain
was reduced. According to that, no specific wind tunnel geometry
was included. The simulations run in a rectangular shaped box for
which the blockage ratio was smaller than 0.5% and, hence,
negligible. Furthermore, the velocity profile of the oncoming flow
was idealized since the floor boundary was set as a slip wall and,
hence, no boundary layer profile was produced until the beginning
of the moving belt. Further downstream, the wind tunnel floor
was modeled as a friction floor and, depending on the region, it
was either static or a moving wall (belt).
Therefore, the rear end belt length ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ as well as the belt
width ๐๐ต were examined. The approach to determine the effects
of ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ is shown in Fig. 1. For all those simulations, the front end
belt length ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = 0.9 as well as the belt width ๐๐ต ๐๐โ = 1.6
were held to be constant. The belt dimensions refer to the length
๐ฟ๐ and width ๐๐ of the race car (model). Based on these
conditions, the rear end length ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ was varied in the range of
0.3 โค ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ โค 2.0. Therefore, the restriction for the shortest
belt ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = 0.3 was given by the rear tyres.
The second part of the study focused on the belt width ๐๐ต.
Based on the investigations on the belt length, a reference belt
length was defined with ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = 0.9. This was
essential since ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ defines the beginning of boundary layer
growth (static floor) laterally along the moving belt. Again, the
floor boundaries were selected as stated above. Fig. 2 depicts four
selected widths ๐๐ต of the moving belt. Overall, the width was
varied in the range 0.98 โค ๐๐ต ๐๐โ โค 5.00, whereas the minimum
was once again limited by the dimensions of the car.
Fig. 1 Rear end length ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ of the moving belt with a fixed front
end belt length ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = 0.9 and belt width ๐๐ต ๐๐โ = 1.6 (1:
๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = 0.3, 2: ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = 0.5, 3: ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = 0.6,
4: ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = 0.9).
Fig. 2 Width ๐๐ต of the moving belt with fixed belt length
๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = 0.9 (1: ๐๐ต ๐๐โ = 0.975,
2: ๐๐ต ๐๐โ = 1.100, 3: ๐๐ต ๐๐โ = 1.250, 4: ๐๐ต ๐๐โ = 5.000).
2.2. Numerical Model
The CFD simulations were performed as Delayed Detached
Eddy Simulations (DDES) (2) by using an enhanced version of the
OpenFOAMยฎ package 2.3.1 (3). For turbulence modeling, the one
equation turbulence model introduced by Spalart and Allmaras in
1992 was used (4). A validation of the DDES model applied to
automotive aerodynamics was given by Islam et al. (5). A DDES
simulation, a hybrid RANS-LES approach, was used employing
the Spalding wall function for the turbulent viscosity (6). For the
discretization in time, a second order implicit backward scheme
was applied. The velocity field was discretized as a convective
scheme using a second order central differencing, which was
blended with a second order upwind scheme. This blending
mechanism is based on the local CFL number to achieve a stable
simulation. However, due to the selection of a time step
โ๐ก = 5โ10E-5 s the maximum occurring CFL number was smaller
than 8 and, hence, the regions of blended cells were moderate. For
each simulation, a physical time of 10 s was covered, whereas the
unsteady fields were averaged in the last 7 s.
The aerodynamic forces of the race car were compared to
experimental data, whereas the differences in both drag and lift
coefficients were smaller than 5% compared to wind tunnel tests
for a Reynolds number of ๐ ๐ = 12.4 million.
2.3. Mesh Generation
The basic idea of the CFD setup was to create one single
volume mesh on which every simulation was run. The
OpenFOAM integrated automatic mesh generator,
snappyHexMesh, was used to create the unstructured hexahedral
grid. The variation in belt dimensions was achieved by changing
the boundary conditions on the wind tunnel floor. The main
advantage of this approach was to avoid potential uncertainties
produced by differences of the local grid especially close to solid
boundaries. The smallest cell within this grid had an edge length
of 3.125 mm.
Christopher Collin et al./International Journal of Automotive Engineering 8 (2017) 15-21
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Copyright 2017 Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. All rights reserved
Fig. 3 Near wall velocity profiles for different mesh resolutions
(40 โค ๐ฆ+ โค 640) at the wind tunnel floor (profiles are extracted at
a local Reynolds number of ๐ ๐๐ฅ โ 5.7 million).
The change in boundary conditions from moving belt to static
wind tunnel floor resulted in an increase of average ๐ฆ๐๐ฃ๐+ since, at
the same time, the near wall mesh was not changed. The final
mesh was defined with the target to achieve a 30 โค ๐ฆ๐๐ฃ๐+ โค 300.
Effectively, the average value was in the range of ๐ฆ๐๐ฃ๐+ โ 40 for
the moving belt and ๐ฆ๐๐ฃ๐+ โ 120 for the static friction floor
regions. Therefore, a pre-study was conducted in order to evaluate
the sensitivity of the wall model for different values of ๐ฆ+; see
Fig. 3, which depicts that the Spalding wall function works
reliably in the investigated range of (40 โค ๐ฆ+ โค 640). No
significant differences in the near wall velocity profiles were also
investigated for a larger range of local Reynolds numbers ๐ ๐๐ฅ.
As mentioned above, all simulations were performed on the
same volume mesh with approximately 90 million cells. The
simulations were parallelized on 512 cores, whereas the total run
time for each simulation was approx. 130 h.
Fig. 4 Schematic view of the rectangular domain.
Table 1 Overview of boundary conditions.
Boundary
Field
๐ ๐ ๐๐บ๐ฎ๐บ ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ
Domain
Inlet
surface
Normal
FixedValue
zero
Gradient fixedValue fixedValue
Domain
Outlet inletOutlet fixedValue
zero
Gradient
zero
Gradient
Domain
Static
Floor fixedValue
zero
Gradient
nutU
Spalding
WallFct
fixedValue
Race Car
Body
Race Car
Wheels
rotatingWall
Velocity
zero
Gradient
nutU
Spalding
WallFct
fixedValue
Airbox
and
Exhaust
flowRateInlet
Velocity
zero
Gradient
zero
Gradient
zero
Gradient
Moving
Belt
translating
WallVelocity
zero
Gradient
nutUSpaling
WallFct fixedValue
Domain
Walls
slip slip slip slip
Domain
Slip Floor
2.4. Boundary Conditions
As stated above, the simulations were performed inside a
rectangular-shaped domain for the representation of open road
conditions. Thus, no specific wind tunnel geometry was
considered. A schematic illustration is shown in Fig. 4 whereas an
overview of the boundary conditions is provided by Table 1
including the OpenFOAMยฎ fields ๐ข, ๐, ๐๐๐บ๐ and ๐.
2.5. Race Car Configuration
As a representation of a high performance race car that
produces a considerably high amount of aerodynamic down force,
a detailed model of an Audi RS5 DTM was selected for the
present study. This specific type of race car is expected to be an
appropriate model to evaluate the effects of a moving ground
simulation since the predominant proportion of aerodynamic
down force is created by a controlled underfloor flow, especially
on the front axle. To enhance the quality of the CFD simulations,
several details of the real race car were included. In particular, the
CFD model contains all relevant underfloor components such as
front splitter, skid block as well as front and rear diffusers.
Furthermore, essential body parts, such as the rear wing, flicks,
mirrors and wheel house openings, were added. Another
important parameter, which is of high importance for the flow
field, is the consideration of mass flows passing through the race
car. For example, those are cooling flows for brakes and engine,
and the process air for internal combustion (Fig. 5). For the
combustion of air, both an outlet (air box) and an inlet (exhaust
pipe) are included on which the volumetric flow rate is defined.
For engine cooling, the heat exchangers are modeled by porous
media and defined by pressure loss coefficients.
0,00
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
0,09
0,70 0,75 0,80 0,85 0,90 0,95 1,00
y
[m]
u/uโ
yPlus = 640
yPlus = 320
yPlus = 160
yPlus = 80
yPlus = 40
Christopher Collin et al./International Journal of Automotive Engineering 8 (2017) 15-21
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Copyright 2017 Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. All rights reserved
Fig. 5 Essential details of the race car (1: process air flow for
combustion; 2: air flow for brake cooling; 3: air flow for engine
cooling; 4: rotating wheels).
The rotating wheels are implemented using rotating wall
boundary conditions for ๐๐,๐ and ๐๐,๐ (mathematical: ๐ ร ๐) on
both front and rear axle. The rotation wall boundary conditions
was equivalent to the standard wall boundary condition but a
tangential velocity ๐ข๐ก๐๐ = ๐ ร ๐ was assigned to each face in the
rotating region with respect to the radial distance ๐ to the
rotational centre.
Extensive studies have been performed to improve the
modeling of open rotating wheels in CFD, e. g. by Wรคschle (7),
Hobeika et al. (8), Landstrรถm et al. (9), Schnepf et al. (10), or Lewis
et al. (11). The general conclusion can be drawn that the sliding
mesh simulation is expected to be the most promising technique.
However, the results published in the past sometimes show large
errors for the sliding mesh too. Due to the enormous effort โ e. g.
โ 46% stated by Lewis โ it was decided not to use the sliding
mesh approach for the present study.
The simulations were run for zero yaw conditions by using a
ratio of front and rear ride height of โ๐,๐ โ๐,๐โ = 0.75. The entire
input data applied on the present setup configuration was
transferred from measurements obtained on the real race car. Thus,
a sufficient overall representation of average track conditions is
expected.
3. Results of CFD-Studies
3.1. Single-Belt vs. 5-Belt Moving Ground Simulation
To consolidate the requirement of a detailed moving ground
simulation for aerodynamic development in motorsports, CFD
was used to compare the aerodynamics forces acting on the Audi
RS5 DTM for both a 5-belt and single-belt system. Therefore, Fig.
6 depicts both methods including the floor boundary conditions
used. As stated above, the wind tunnel floor is treated as a slip
wall until the beginning of the moving belt region. By this
approach, an effective boundary layer profile was avoided in
order to isolate the influences of the moving ground simulation.
However, it is essential to mention that lateral regions of both the
center belt and the single belt were set as static friction walls to
consider the boundary layer developing from the beginning of the
moving belts.
For both the 5-belt and the single-belt system, the belt length
was ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = 0.9. The belt width was
๐๐ต ๐๐โ = 0.55 for the 5-belt and ๐๐ต ๐๐โ = 1.60 for the single-
belt, respectively. Each one of the wheel drive units for the 5 belt
system had a width of ๐๐๐ท๐ ๐๐โ = 0.2 and a length
๐ฟ๐๐ท๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = 0.06.
To compare the results of both techniques for moving ground
simulations, Fig. 7 depicts the differences in aerodynamic force
coefficients referenced to the single-belt simulation. The largest
difference occurs in the front lift โ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐ = 0.529, which can be
explained by the boundary layer thickness that was present for the
5-belt system. The difference in rear lift โ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐ = 0.063 was only
12% of that in front lift. The lowest effect was investigated on the
drag coefficient โ๐ถ๐ท = -0.036. The negative sign indicates that,
due to the lower aerodynamic down force โ the absolute lift
values were negative โ the induced drag increase was lower for
the 5-belt system.
Compared to the results of Hennig et al. (1) the results for the
Audi RS5 DTM race car are somewhat surprising since Hennig et
al. recognize bigger influences on the rear lift rather than on front
lift for both the generic F3 and the LMP race car. An explanation
for the different behavior of the DTM car can be the ride height
ratio between front and rear end โ๐,๐ โ๐,๐โ = 0.75. For the
selected configuration, the front ride height was significantly
smaller than the rear one. A more sensitive behavior at the front
splitter and the front diffuser was then plausible.
Fig. 6 Schematic view of a 5-Belt 1) and a Single-Belt system 2)
including boundary conditions on the wind tunnel floor.
Christopher Collin et al./International Journal of Automotive Engineering 8 (2017) 15-21
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Copyright 2017 Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. All rights reserved
Fig. 7 Comparison of aerodynamic force coefficients for a 5-belt
and a single-belt moving ground system (โ๐ถ๐ = ๐ถ๐,5๐ต โ ๐ถ๐,๐๐ต).
However, from Fig. 7, the general conclusion can be drawn
that a 5-belt system does not seem to be appropriate in order to
cover the underfloor flow conditions sufficiently.
3.2. Effect of Belt Length on Aerodynamic Forces
Based on the knowledge from Fig. 7, the present study focused
on the single-belt dimensions. Following the approach of Fig. 1,
the rear end length of the moving belt was varied in the range of
0.3 โค ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ โค 2.0 by keeping a constant belt width of
๐๐ต ๐๐โ = 1.6. The results are shown in Fig. 8. As expected, the
effect of the belt length was magnitudes smaller than for the
comparison of 5-belt and single-belt. The maximum occurring
difference was recognized for the rear lift with โ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐ = 0.013 with
๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = 0.3. By estimating the average accuracy of
approximately 0.005, no consistent trend can be reliably drawn
since the effects were too small. Furthermore, an effect of
โ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐ = ยฑ 0.013 is expected to be negligible for the DTM race
car since โ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐ ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐,๐๐๐โ < 1%.
The fact that the rear end length of the moving belt turned
out to be of minor importance was somewhat surprising. Even
with a moving belt immediately ending behind the rear wheel, no
significant influence was observed. However, this result is well
confirmed by the surface pressure distribution along the
underfloor within the symmetry plane ๐ฆ = 0. Therefore, Fig. 9
shows โ๐๐ whereas ๐๐ refers to the configuration with
๐ฟ๐ต ๐ฟ๐โ = 2.0. Additionally, the 5-belt simulation is added. The
plot provides an explanation for the high differences in front lift,
if the wind tunnel operates with the 5-belt system. Especially in
the region of the front splitter, a positive shift in surface pressure
was produced even though the plot was extracted from the center
line covered by the center belt.
Fig. 8 Effect of the moving belt rear end length on aerodynamic
force coefficients for a single-belt moving ground system; the
coefficients โ๐ถ๐ refer to the largest length ratio ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = 2.0.
Fig. 9 Effect of the moving belt length on the underfloor surface
pressure distribution; comparison of 5-Belt and Single-Belt with
๐ฟ๐ต ๐ฟ๐โ = 0.3 and ๐ฟ๐ต ๐ฟ๐โ = 0.9; the static pressure coefficient
โ๐๐ refers to the largest width ratio ๐ฟ๐ต ๐ฟ๐โ = 2.0.
Comparing the pressure profiles of the shortest single-belt
with ๐ฟ๐ต ๐ฟ๐โ = 0.3 in a small region close to the rear axle, the
local surface pressure was slightly increased. However, compared
to the absolute lift force, the effects were evaluated to be
negligible. The aerodynamic effect of the belt-length on the race
car was evaluated to be in the range of averaging accuracy of the
unsteady simulations.
Nevertheless, deriving a general conclusion by proposing a
minimum single-belt length for a real wind tunnel is rather
difficult on the base of this study. The practical integration of a
rolling road system in a wind tunnel is often connected to the
appearance of gaps, which can produce leakage flow and/or
singularities in the static pressure distribution, especially at the
-0,036 0,529 0,063
-0,1
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
ฮCD
ฮCL,f
ฮCL,r
ฮCD ฮCL,f ฮCL,r
-0,02
-0,01
0,00
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0
ฮCD
ฮCL,f
ฮCL,r
Length Ratio of Moving Belt LB,r / LM
ฮCD
ฮCL,f
ฮCLr
-0,1
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
-0,50 -0,25 0,00 0,25 0,50
ฮcp
Distance x / LM
5-Belt
LB/LM = 0.3
LB/LM = 0.9
Christopher Collin et al./International Journal of Automotive Engineering 8 (2017) 15-21
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Copyright 2017 Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. All rights reserved
front and rear end of the moving belt. Those effects can be
observed in static pressure gradients for many wind tunnels, for
instance Mack et al. (12).
Furthermore, the flow profile in a real wind tunnel needs to
be cleaned for the boundary layer thickness exiting from the wind
tunnel nozzle. Possible solutions are a boundary layer suction,
scoop, tangential blowing or combinations of those. As shown in
the latest EADE correlation test (13) in many wind tunnels, a
boundary layer treatment can affect the static pressure gradient
within the test section significantly. In order to minimize a
gradient in static pressure, a careful dimensioning of the single-
belt length is recommended. Ideally, both the front and the rear
end of the moving belt are in sufficient distance to the car model
for which effects of possible flow disturbances do not interfere
with the race car aerodynamics.
3.3. Effect of Belt Width on Aerodynamic Forces
As evaluated in section 3.2. the rear end length of the
moving belt turned out to be of minor importance. However, as
stated above, for other reasons, it is recommended to increase the
belt length in a reasonable way. This is also somewhat relevant
for the study regarding the effects of the belt width ๐๐ต . The
reason is that the belt length defines the length of lateral static
floor regions in which boundary layers develop. Therefore, a belt
length of ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = ๐ฟ๐ต,๐ ๐ฟ๐โ = 0.9 was selected, as it seems to
be a reasonable size for a wind tunnel facility.
To determine the effects of the moving belt width, the
approach of Fig. 2 was applied to achieve a variation in effective
width ๐๐ต . The results, with respect to aerodynamic forces, are
given by Fig. 10. Again, the plots show โ๐ถ๐ท, โ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐ and โ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐ for
the drag and lift coefficients and referred to the configuration of
๐๐ต ๐๐โ = 5.0. As for the comparison of 5-belt and single-belt in
Fig. 7 as well as for the width of the single-belt, the largest effects
were observed on the front lift โ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐,๐๐๐ฅ = 0.051, whereas the
maximum effect on the rear lift was โ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐,๐๐๐ฅ = 0.026. Generally,
the narrow single belts produced a positive shift in lift and, hence,
a loss in aerodynamic down force. Consequently, the effect on the
drag coefficient โ๐ถ๐ท was negative, but of significant lower
magnitude than for the lift coefficients. Furthermore, only for the
belt width of ๐๐ต ๐๐โ = 0.975 a considerable effect on both โ๐ถ๐ท
and โ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐ was recognized, as, for ๐๐ต ๐๐โ > 1.0, the changes
were in the range of averaging accuracy of the unsteady
aerodynamic forces (ยฑ 0.005). For the front lift โ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐ the
interferences died out for belts of larger width. Accordingly, the
change in โ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐ was negligible for ๐๐ต ๐๐โ โฅ 1.5.
To provide a better understanding regarding the local surface
pressure distribution, Fig. 11 depicts โ๐๐ along the underfloor on
the center line ๐ฆ = 0. As expected from the results for the force
coefficients, the effects were low compared to the 5-belt
configuration. In contrary to the belt length study, the largest
influence on โ๐๐ was observed within the front and middle region
of the underbody, with โ๐๐,๐๐๐ฅ โ 0.035 for ๐๐ต ๐๐โ = 0.975.
The region of the rear diffuser remained unaffected in terms of
surface pressure. Finally, the effect of the belt width was
evaluated to be larger rather than the length of the moving belt. A
moving belt width of ๐๐ต ๐๐โ โฅ 1.5 seems a reasonable size for
the race car configuration under investigation.
Fig. 10 Effect of the moving belt width on aerodynamic force
coefficients for a single-belt moving ground system; the
coefficients โ๐ถ๐ refer to the largest width ratio.
Fig. 11 Effect of the moving belt width on the underfloor surface
pressure distribution; comparison of 5-Belt and Single-Belt with
๐๐ต ๐๐โ = 0.975 and ๐๐ต ๐๐โ = 2.250; the static pressure
coefficient โ๐๐ is referenced to the width ratio ๐๐ต ๐๐โ = 5.000.
4. Conclusions
In summary, it can be stated that the evaluated interferences
of belt dimensions and race car aerodynamics die out quickly with
increasing length scales. Accordingly, no considerable effect of
the rear end belt length was recognized or at least it was in the
range of the averaging accuracy of the CFD. For the moving belt
width, a ratio of ๐๐ต ๐๐โ โฅ 1.5 was evaluated to be sufficient to
minimize moving belt interferences. In contrast, a moving ground
simulation using a 5-belt system turned out to be not acceptable
for the selected configuration, as enormous losses in aerodynamic
down force (โ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐ = 0.529, โ๐ถ๐ฟ,๐ = 0.063) were observed. It is
worth mentioning that those results have been obtained for a
-0,01
0,00
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0
ฮCD
ฮCL,f
ฮCL,r
Width Ratio of Moving Belt WB / WM
ฮCD
ฮCL,f
ฮCLr
-0,1
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
-0,50 -0,25 0,00 0,25 0,50
ฮcp
Distance x / LM
5-Belt
WB/WM = 0.975
WB/WM = 1.500
Christopher Collin et al./International Journal of Automotive Engineering 8 (2017) 15-21
20
Copyright 2017 Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. All rights reserved
single race car geometry in one specific configuration and, hence,
the transferability for a wide range of race cars is not given.
For example, the change in both front and rear ride height is
experienced to highly affect the aerodynamic balance of the race
car. A shift towards a higher sensibility in rear lift rather than
front lift โ for example at lower rear ride heights โ cannot be ruled
out and is even quite likely. Furthermore, uncertainties regarding
the accuracy of the CFD model remain. For instance, modeling
rotating wheels is a well known issue in CFD. The application of
a rotating wall boundary condition to an open rim geometry is
certainly not a perfect approach to properly cover the effects of
wheel house aerodynamics. A comparison with advanced models,
such as sliding mesh, is, therefore,recommended.
Another important point to consider is that the present study
was performed on rather ideal conditions. Thus, practical issues in
real life wind tunnel facilities, such as flow gradients, leakage
flow rates, construction tolerances, blockage effects and others,
were not covered. On the one hand, this was connected to the
objective to isolate the effects of the moving belt; on the other
hand, the transferability of the results is surely limited. However,
this work provides a better understanding of the aerodynamic
sensitivity of high performance race cars with respect to the
dimensions of a single-belt system, even though a full
transferability cannot be guaranteed.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge AUDI AG, especially J.
Monchaux and B. Jacquet from Audi Sport for providing the
geometry of the Audi RS5 DTM race car as well as the essential
input from wind tunnel tests. Furthermore, we would like to give
special thanks to Dr. S. Blume and Dr. P. Unterlechner for their
excellent collaboration on the development of CFD methods for
the setup of race car simulations.
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