Post on 27-Dec-2015
transcript
ESSM – Summer FISH Biology Agenda’s
Monday, Aug. 11th 2014Macromoluecles - Power Lecture 10-15”
- Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis - Digestive System (polymers to monomers) - Homework
Tuesday, Aug. 12th 2014Enzymes
- Power Lecture 10-15”
- Toothpickase Enzyme Lab - Homework
Wednesday, Aug. 13th 2014Nucleic Acid - Power Lecture 10-15”
- Strawberries DNA Extractions - Homework
Thursday, Aug. 14th 2014Photosynthesis - Power Lecture 10-15”
- Photosynthesis Leaf Hole Punch Lab - Homework
Carbohydrate Types
• Hexose = 6 carbons Glucose –cell energy Fructose - honey Galactose – milk
• Pentose = 5 carbons Ribose - RNA Deoxyribose - DNA
1. SIMPLE SUGARSMonosaccharides - one sugar molecule
Sucrose (sugar)Glucose + Fructose
Lactose (milk)Glucose + Galactose
Maltose (grains)Glucose + Glucose
Carbohydrate Types
2. SIMPLE SUGARSDisaccharides - two sugar molecule
POLYSACCHARIDES:Long chains of monosaccharides
EXAMPLESStarch (amylose)GlycogenFiber (cellulose)Chitin
Carbohydrate Types
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
Glycogen
Short term storagepolysaccharide for animals
• ~300g stored carbo in body• 72g liver (glycogen)• 245g muscle (glycogen)• 10g blood (glucose)
Cellulose•Polymer of glucose•Structural material in plants - Fiber
•Cellulose
•Starch
•Monomers linked together differently than in starch•Why indigestible?
Starch verses Cellulose
• Glucose linked differently • Cellulose is not recognized by our digestive enzymes• Some organisms (microbes) in the guts of cows and
termites do make enzymes that can digest cellulose
Three Major Groups of Lipids
• Oils, Fats, and Waxes
• Phospholipids
• Steroids (Cholesterol, Estrogen, Testosterone, etc…)
Similarities of Fats and Oils• All contain C, H, and O
• Usually no ring structures
• Made up of fatty acid subunits (long chain of carbons and hydrogen with a carboxyl end)
Steroids
• Four fused rings of carbon
• steroid hormones: estrogen, testosterone
• cholesterol: vital component of cell membranes
Cholesterol
•Body will make if not enough in diet•Part of lipid membrane around cells•Helps stabilize, strengthen membrane
Types of Proteins
Structural
Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies
Contractile
Receptor
Transport
Storage
See Table 5.1
ProteinsSubunit = amino acid
1. Amino group 3. Carboxyl group2. R group
Amino acids have three parts:
Linking Amino AcidsDehydration synthesis: forms a covalent bond – A Peptide Bond
Creates a polypeptide
How are proteins able to do so many things?
20 different kinds amino acids - different R-groups
Non-polar Polar Charged
O-
Proteins Fold into Active ShapeProtein function depends on shape
Four Levels of Structure:
Primary 1°Secondary 2°Tertiary 3°Quaternary 4°
Shape is critical for protein interactions
EXAMPLE:
Hemoglobin•4 Polypeptides•Binds Iron•Oxygen transport
• Nucleic acids include RNA and DNA
• Polymers made up of repeating monomers called nucleotides.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• 5-Carbon Sugar (Pentose): RNA ribose, DNA deoxyribose
• Phosphate Group
• Nitrogen-containing base
NUCLEOTIDES3 Main Components:
Nucleotides: Important Energy Storage Molecules
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): acts like cell’s battery, providing energy for most activities.
RNA and DNA
SIMILARITIES:• 5-carbon sugar• Phosphate group
DIFFERENCES:• Nucleotides
– DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine– RNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
• Sugar– DNA: Deoxyribose– RNA: Ribose
Nucleic Acid Synthesis
• Nucleotides joined by dehydration synthesis
• Covalent bond forms between PHOSPHATE GROUP and SUGAR
Enzymes•Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts)•Lower activation energy for a reaction
• S = Substrates (reactants) enter reaction.• P = Product (what you get at the end) result• E = Enzymes mediate specific steps
sucrasesucrose + H2O glucose + fructose
E + S ES E + P
Enzyme reactions can be simplified as:
4 Things that Affect Enzyme Activity
1. Substrate concentration
2. Enzyme concentration
3. pH
4. TemperatureShape of enzyme(Protein denatured)
Enzyme Regulation
• Enzymes can be turned on and off
• Regulated by other molecules in the cell
• Examples: – Allosteric regulation– Feedback inhibition– Inhibitors
Photosynthesis happens in the Chloroplast
• Parts of a Chloroplast
– Thylakoid
– Grana• Stack of Thylakoids
– Stroma• Liquid inside Chloroplast