Mr. Kallusingh Topic 4

William of Normandy claimed control of England after Edward the confessor

He had to defeat Harold of Wessex at the Battle of Hastings to maintain control

William brought Feudalism to Europe, but made each lord loyal to the King, providing a foundation for a centralized government

Had royal commissioners check every shire to ensure accuracy

Henry II increased royal authority by allowing vassals to pay fees instead of providing soldiers making soldiers loyal to the king

Set up court system with a jury Common Law- was instituted by

Edward I and was different from previous law systems as it allowed its meaning to change for the situation

Hugh Capet started the Capetian Dynasty which ruled France for more than 300 years

Phillip II increased royal landholdings by conquering English areas

Phillip IV increased royal power by taxing the clergy

The Three Estates was a governing body made up of commoners, nobles, and clergy

John I made the nobles pay harsh taxes leading to a confrontation and the Magna Carta

Magna Carta was an agreement that made sure the king followed the rules

Edward I divided the king’s court into three branches Court of Exchequer(finances), Court of Common Pleas(trial for normal people), Court of King’s Bench (trial for king and govt)

Parliament is the beginning of representative government

Nobles and the middle class got together to attack the king

House of lords- nobles and clergy House of Commons- knights and

burgesses

Education in the middle ages started in monasteries

Between 1000 and 1200 AD four big Universities started Paris, Oxford, Bologna, and Salerno

By 1400 Universities shared the same programs Bachelors, Masters, and Doctorate

Vernacular literature comes from the way people speak

Scholasticism is an attempt to bring faith and reason together

Romanesque is arches, domes, and vaults

Gothic is pointed arches, tall spires, high walls, stained glass windows

As trade began to revive towns grew as well, most people traded to make money

Guilds were groups of people that did the same thing in town and had rules and rights, trading guild or craft guild

Guild members and Master workers became the middle class

Bourgeoisie was the middle class people in France- merchants, manufacturers, doctors, and lawyers

Market economy land, labor, and capital are controlled by people--- this is the basis for our capitalist economy

When the last Capetian King died the Hundred years war started between England and France between Edward III (ENG) and Phillip VI (FRA)

The English used long Bows to shoot 200 feet The French used knights on horses Both sides used gunpowder for cannons French suffered more because the war was in

France

During the war people in France fought each other for control of the throne in 1429 Charles VII won with the help of Joan of Arc

Due to the war French Kings became more powerful like Louis XI, who made an efficient government that had harsh taxes

The Black Death 1347-1351 killed around 25 million people in Europe, spread in dirty cities by rats and fleas

Great Schism of 1378 occurred when pope Gregory XI died and the Church elected two popes, this lasted till 1417

They took control of Spain 1479 uniting it for the first time

In 1492 they ordered all Jews and Moors to convert to Christianity or leave Spain, this hurt Spanish in industry and trade