Post on 16-Dec-2015
transcript
Mrs. Hennings
What is blood? Connective tissue- yes TISSUE! Cells suspended in plasma matrix
Where are blood cells made? In children, the marrow of most of the
bones produces blood. But in adults, only the marrow of certain bones -- the spine, ribs, pelvis, and some others -- continues to make blood. Bone marrow that actively produces blood cells is called red marrow, and bone marrow that no longer produces blood cells is called yellow marrow.
What kind of life span? The different kinds of blood cells
have different "life spans" -- red blood cells last about 120 days in the bloodstream; platelets about 10 days; and the various kinds of white blood cells can last anywhere from days to years.
Blood Components: "Blood Count" – % of Each Component
Blood Components: Cells
Erythrocytes Red Blood Cells (RBC) O2 & CO2 transport
White Blood Cells (WBC) Immune defense Phagocytosis
Platelets: clotting Liquid part- plasma
Plasma
Inorganic salts – dissolved ions called the “blood electrolytes”
Plasma is 90% water Some ions buffer the blood
to maintain a normal pH of 7.35- 7.45
Salts are important in keeping the correct osmotic balance of blood
There are other plasma proteins that play important roles.
Plasma proteins are important! Immunoglobulins= antibodies- fight
viruses and other foreign agents that invade
Lipid Escort proteins
Clotting factors- help form plug when bleed
The term “serum” refers to blood after the clotting factors have been removed.
Erthyrocytes Red Blood Cells Most numerous Main function is oxygen transport Structure related to function- AGAIN! Small disks that are biconcave Shape increases surface area Mature RBC do not have NUCLEI! Is this
true in all animals? This leaves more space for hemoglobin Made in bone marrow Recycled in spleen
The red blood cells here are normal, happy RBC's. They have a zone of central pallor about 1/3 the size of the RBC. The RBC's demonstrate minimal variation in size (anisocytosis) and shape (poikilocytosis). A few small fuzzy blue platelets are seen. In the center of the field are a band neutrophil on the left and a segmented neutrophil on the right.
Each hemoglobin can bind between 1-4 molecules of oxygen.If holding 4- then it is said to be fully saturated
Iron Metabolism: Key to Hemoglobin O2 Transport
Figure 16-8: Iron metabolism
Some Diseases of RBCs and O2 Transport
Remember Sickle Cell? Can you see the
Sickle shaped cell?
What kinds of problemsDoes this cause?
Why is this disorderHighly prevalent in African Americans?
White Blood cells Major job to fight infection Leukocytes 5 major kinds- (yes you
need to know them all! )1. Basophil2. Neutrophil3. Eosinophil4. Lymphocyte- B cells and T cells5. Monocyte
Normal WBC: 4,500 to 10,000 cells/mcL
There is a basophil in the center of the field which has a lobed nucleus and numerous coarse, dark blue granules in the cytoplasm. They are infrequent in a normal peripheral blood smear, and their significance is uncertain. A band neutrophil is seen on the left, and a large, activated lymphocyte on the right.
This is a basophil.
Normal Neutrophil: Electron Micrograph
In the center of the field is an eosinophil with a bilobed nucleus and numerous reddish granules in the cytoplasm. Just underneath it is a small lymphocyte. Eosinophils can increase with allergic reactions and with parasitic infestations
Eosinophil- bilobed nucleus and red
granules
A normal mature lymphocyte is seen on the left compared to a segmented PMN on the right. An RBC is seen to be about 2/3 the size of a normal lymphocyte
Here is a monocyte. It is slightly larger than a lymphocyte and has a folded nucleus. Monocytes can migrate out of the bloodstream and become tissue macrophages under the influence of cytokines. Note the many small smudgy blue platelets between the RBC's.
Monocyte
Platelet
Blood Components: PlateletsThrombocytes
Coagulate, form plug, prevent blood loss
Formed by fragmentation from megakaryoctyes
Overview of Hemostasis: Clot Formation & Vessel Repair
Hemostasis: Vasoconstriction & Plug Formation
Blood clotting
Powerful evolutionary adaptation emergency repair
prevents excessive blood loss
Cascade reactionCascade reaction
Prothrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin
Thrombin
fibrin protein fibersbuild clot
plateletsseal the hole
chemicalemergencysignals
Stem Cells
Multipotent Stem Cells These cells
are in the red marrow of bones
What is the difference between Multipotent and Totipotent Stem Cells?
Hematopoiesis: Blood Cell Formation
Out with the old in with the new!
Multipotent- divides one daughter stays stem cell the other becomes specialized
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets form new cells through stem cell division
Erythrocytes live only 3-4 months Negative feedback controls
erythrocyte production
Negative Feedback… Sensitive to oxygen reaching tissues
Controls Erthyrocyte production If low in oxygen then kidneys
make and secrete a hormone called erythropoietin ( EPO)that tells the stem cells to make more.
If too much oxygen then EPO falls down.
Synthetic EPO-treat anemia Athletes- inject EPO- blood
doping banned
What do you think about this being Illegal?