Post on 23-Feb-2016
description
transcript
Mulit-species Observations from the first 3 HIPPO Campaigns
Britton Stephens (NCAR EOL) and HIPPO Science Team
• PIs: Harvard, NCAR, Scripps, NOAA• Global and seasonal survey of CO2, O2, CH4, CO, N2O, H2, SF6, COS, CFCs, HCFCs, O3, H2O, CO2 isotopes, Ar, black carbon, and hydrocarbons
• NSF / NCAR Gulfstream V• 5 campaigns over 4 years• Continuous profiling from surface to 10 km and to 15 km twice per flight
• hippo.ucar.edu (also Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)
Canterbury, New Zealand Brooks Range, AlaskaPago Pago, American Samoa
HIPPO_3 Mar/Apr 2010 (same track NB, SB)
HIPPO_4 Jun 2011(NB track via E. Pacific)
HIPPO_5 Sep 2011(NB track NB, SB)
~ 600 vertical profiles; nearly 1000 at HIPPO's conclusion.
HIPPO_2 Nov 2009
Model Model Name
1 CSU
2 GCTM
3 UCB
4 UCI
5 JMA
6 MATCH.CCM3
7 MATCH.NCEP
8 MATCH.MACCM2
9 NIES
A NIRE
B TM2
C TM3
Continental-scale carbon flux uncertainties are still very large, owing to biases in atmospheric CO2 transport
[Stephens et al., 2007]
Tropical Land and Northern Land fluxes plotted versus annual-mean northern-
hemisphere vertical CO2 gradient
April 2010 (HIPPO3) CO2 Gradients
HIPPO Science Team: Harvard University: S. C. Wofsy, B. C. Daube, R. Jimenez, E. Kort, J. V. Pittman, S. Park, R. Commane, Bin Xiang, G. Santoni; (GEOS-CHEM) D. Jacob, J. Fisher, C. Pickett-Heaps, H. Wang, K. Wecht, Q.-Q. Wang
National Center for Atmospheric Research: B. B. Stephens, S. Shertz, P. Romashkin, T. Campos, J. Haggerty, W. A. Cooper, D. Rogers, S. Beaton , R. Lueb
NOAA ESRL and CIRES: J. W. Elkins, D. Fahey, R. Gao, F. Moore, S. A. Montzka, J. P. Schwartz, D. Hurst, B. Miller, C. Sweeney, S. Oltmans, D. Nance, E. Hintsa, G. Dutton, L. A. Watts, R. Spackman, K. Rosenlof, E. Ray
UCSD/Scripps: R. Keeling, J. Bent
Princeton: M. Zondlo, Minghui Diao
U. Miami: E. A. Atlas
TCCON: Vanessa Sherlock et al.
JPL: M. J. Mahoney; (AIRS) M. Chahine, E. Olsen
Cooperating modeling groups: ACTM P. Patra, K. Ishijima; GEMS-MACC R. Engelen; TM3/TM5 Sara Mikaloff-Fletcher;
HIPPO Aircraft Instrumentation
O2:N2, CO2, CH4, CO, N2O , other GHGs, CO2 isotopes, Ar/N2, COS, halocarbons, solvent gases, marine emission species, many more
Whole air sampling: NWAS (NOAA), AWAS (Miami), MEDUSA (NCAR/Scripps)
O3 (1 Hz)NOAA GMD O3
T, P, winds, aerosols, cloud waterMTP, wing stores, etcBlack Carbon (1 Hz)NOAA SP2H2O (1 Hz)Princeton/SWS VCSEL
CO, CH4, N2O, CFCs, HCFCs, SF6, CH3Br, CH3Cl, H2, H2O
NOAA- UCATS, PANTHER GCs (1 per 70 – 200 s)
CO (1 Hz)NCAR RAF CO
O3 (1 Hz)NOAA CSD O3
CO2 (1 Hz)Harvard OMS CO2
O2:N2 , CO2 (1 Hz)NCAR AO2CO2, CH4, CO, N2O (1 Hz)Harvard/Aerodyne - QCLS
Species measured by PANTHER and UCATSFred Moore, Eric Hintsa, Dale Hurst, Jim Elkins
PANTHER (6-Channel GC):
ECD channels: N2O, SF6, CCl2F2 (CFC-12),) CCl3F (CFC-11), and CBrClF2 (halon-1211) injected every 70 seconds, and H2, CH4, CO, CCl4, CH3CCl3 (methyl chloroform) and PAN (peroxyl acetyl nitrate) injected every 140 seconds. The width of a sample load on an ECD channel is only 3 seconds, allowing this data set to correlate well with other fast measurements.
MSD channels: The methyl halides CH3I, CH3Br, CH3Cl, the sulfur compounds COS, CS2, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons CHClF2 (HCFC-22), C2H3Cl2F (HCFC-141b), C2H3ClF2 (HCFC-142b), and the hydrofluorocarbon C2H2F4 (HFC-134a) are injected every 180 seconds with 150 seconds sample load width. This data set correlates with a time average of other fast measurements.
UCATS:
2-Channel GC: every 70 s (N2O, SF6) or every 140 s (H2, CH4, CO)
TDL: 10-second average H2O
Photometer: 1-Hz O3
•Chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11 (CCl3F)•CFC-12 (CCl2F2)•CFC-13(CClF3)•CFC-113 (CCl2FCClF2)•CFC-114 (CClF2CClF2)•CFC-115 (CF2ClCF3)
Halons CFC-12b1 (Halon 1211,CF2ClBr)•CFC-13b1 (Halon 1301, CF3Br)•CFC-114b2 (Halon 2402, C2F4Br2)
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons/Hydrofluorocarbons HCFC-22 (CHF2Cl)•HCFC-141b (CH3CFCl2)•HCFC-142b (CH3CF2Cl)•HFC-134a (C2H2F4)•HFC-124 (C2HClF4)•HFC-123 (C2HCl2F3)•HFC-125 (C2HF5)•HFC-143a (C2H3F3)•HFC-152a (C2H4F2) (1,1-difluoroethane)•HFC-23 (CHF3)•HFC-227ea(C3HF7)(1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane)•HFC-365mfc (C4H5F5) (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane)
Solvents Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)•Methyl Chloroform(CH3CCl3)•Tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4)•Methylene Chloride (CH2Cl2)•Chloroform (CHCl3)•Trichloroethylene(C2HCl3)•1,2-Dichloroethane (C2H4Cl2)
Methyl Halides and related Methyl Bromide(CH3Br)•Methyl Chloride (CH3Cl)•Methyl Iodide (CH3I)•Methylene Bromide(CH2Br2)•CHxBryClz•Bromoform (CHBr3)
•Organic Nitrates Methyl nitrate(CH3ONO2)•Ethyl nitrate(C2H5ONO2)•Propyl nitrates(C3H7ONO2)•Butyl nitrates (C4H9ONO2)•Pentyl nitrates (C5H11ONO2)
Non-Methane Hydrocarbons Ethane (C2H6)•Ethyne (C2H2)•Propane(C3H8)•Isobutane(C4H10)•n-Butane (C4H10)•Isopentane (C5H12)•n-Pentane (C5H12)•Isoprene (C5H10)•Benzene (C6H6)•Toluene (C7H8)•C2-Benzenes (C8H10)•a-Pinene (C10H20)/other terpenes
Other Methane (CH4)•Carbon Monoxide (CO)•Nitrous Oxide (N2O)•Carbonyl Sulfide (COS)•Dimethyl Sulfide (C2H6S)•Carbon disulphide (CS2)•Methyl-t-butyl ether•Methyl Acetate/Ethyl Acetate•Acetonitrile•1,2 Dichlorobenzene
Perfluorocarbons Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)•PFC-116 (C2F6)•PFC-218 (C3F8)•PFC-318 (C4F8)(perfluorocyclobutane)
Others CO2•H2
•13CO2
•18OCO
Complete List of Chemical Species Monitored by the Whole Air Sampler (WAS)Elliot Atlas, Ben Miller, Steve Montzka
HIPPO 1 Southbound January, 2009
HIPPO 1 Southbound January, 2009
HIPPO 2 Southbound November, 2009
HIPPO 2 Southbound November, 2009
N2OCOCH4
Arctic Pollution Layers - HIPPO 2 November, 2009
NCAR Airborne Oxygen Instrument (AO2)
System components:
January 12, 2009
HIPPO Profile at 80 N
January 20, 2009
HIPPO Profile at 65 S
Southern Ocean O2 outgassing
Gravitational fractionation of Ar/N2 in lower stratosphere
• Earth Simulator – ACTM CCSR/NIES/FRCGC AGCM• GEOS-CHEM (NASA DAO) Harvard• MACC-GEMS ECMWF Air Quality and Air chemistry model• TM3 (NIWA), TM5 planned
Models with detailed simulations of HIPPO Data
Detailed Model results for HIPPO_1:
CO2 SF6 C2H6 CO N2O CH4 O3 PAN NOx HCHO BlkC O2
GEOS_C 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 *ACTM 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0MACC 0 0 1 1, Fcst 0 1 1 1 1 1TM3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
CH4 ACTM
HIPPO Obs offset 31 ppb
sources and
vertical and
horizontal transport
sources and
vertical and
horizontal transport
Jan 2009 Observed ACTM (GEIA)
HIPPO _1 HIPPO _2 HIPPO_3 Jan 2009 Nov 2009 Apr 2010
Central Pacific HIPPO_1 Eastern Pacific
model obs
note scale change for GEMS
Profiles over Ocean
NH Tropical Troposphere
Arctic Boundary Layer
Plume at 23N, 10km
Plume RF04, 8km
Fluxes:
Mean ocean O2: Gruber et al., 2001Seasonal ocean O2 and N2: Garcia and Keeling, 2001Mean ocean N2: Gloor et al., 2001Seasonal + mean ocean CO2: Takahashi et al., 2009Fossil-fuel CO2 and O2: CDIAC
January Mean APO from Climatological fluxes in TM3HIPPO1 APO Observations
per meg
Preliminary APO model comparisons for HIPPO1
Atmospheric Potential Oxygen:
APO = O2 + 1.1*CO2
Summary and conclusions
• HIPPO provides a new type of data for CO2 and GHG studies: global, extremely fine grained, many tracers.
• Major transport processes are clearly delineated, some not captured well by models—the warm conveyor belt (intense, persistent, ensemble of small scale processes), Arctic Cold Dome, and Antarctic marine PBL are examples.
• Multiple tracers shine a light into the "Modelers' Closet"—quantitatively confront global models with fine scale data (reaction vs. transport time scales).
• Source/sink regions are revealed and impacts quantified—N2O in the tropics and Antarctic, marine reactive species.
• The data will be completely public as soon as possible, to encourage their use.
CFC-11 Halon-1211
Whole-Air Sampling NWAS / AWAS (E. Atlas, S.
Montzka)
Mid-Pacific Sample coverage
-50 -25 0 25 50 75
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
GGLATavg
GGALTavg
8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00
CH3CCl3_md2
Methyl chloroform
-50 -25 0 25 50 75
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
GGLATavg
GGALTavg
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
CH2Cl2_md
Dichloromethane
-50 -25 0 25 50 75
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
GGLATavg
GGALTavg
100 200 300 400 500
ethyne_md
Ethyne
-50 -25 0 25 50 75
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
GGLATavg
GGALTavg
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Benzene_md
Benzene
-50 -25 0 25 50 75
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
GGLATavg
GGALTavg
50 100 150 200 250
DMS_md
Dimethyl Sulfide
-50 -25 0 25 50 75
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
GGLATavg
GGALTavg
450 475 500 525 550
OCS_md
Carbonyl Sulfide
-50 -25 0 25 50 75
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
GGLATavg
GGALTavg
2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0
cs2_md
Carbon Disulfide
-50 -25 0 25 50 75
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
GGLATavg
GGALTavg
13 25 38 50 63 75
MeONO2_md
Methyl Nitrate
HIPPO _1 HIPPO _2 HIPPO_3 Jan 2009 Nov 2009 April 2010
HIPPO _1 HIPPO _2 HIPPO_3 Jan 2009 Nov 2009 April 2010
Northbound
Southbound
Tropospheric ozone in HIPPO 1, 2 and 3 N/S