My short bio• Since 2008, PhD candidate in Politics&IR at

Royal Holloway, University of London

• 2007-2008: MSc by Research in Politics&IR at the University of Edinburgh

• 2005-2007: worked as parliamentary advisor & then, research assistant in ITICU (Ist.)

• 2004-2005: JM scholar at the Paris Institute of Strategic and International Relations

• 2000-2004: BSc in IR at METU

Theory: Stanford School on Sociological Institutionalism

• Based on ‘world society/culture’

• A diffuse, loose world society led by INGOs and UN agencies, which shape our understanding and organization in social and political life

• World culture/society is ontologically prior (to national interests, Europeanization, Americanization etc.)

Leading scholars: John W. Meyer, John Boli, Gili Drori

Europeanization in world society?

• “Sender-receiver” models: coercive power (EU conditionality pressures) normative power (soft law, EU as a model)

• Stanford School model: EU is an organizational carrier of world culture

2 global factors:-institutionalization of world culture(structural location of the agents: public/private)

Internet survey on Turkey-EU relations(I conducted btw January-April 2010)

• Sample: 261 Turkish experts on EU and foreign affairs

(117) public sector (144)private sector

(Ministries, (lawyers, trade experts,

Undersecretariats, academics, NGOs)

Parliament, TRT, ISKUR, TIKA)

Domestic Attitudes towards EU-led Reforms

Abrogation of the Article 301 penalizing insult to Turkish nation and state

Cyprus opening (harbours and aerospace)

Foreigners’ rights to work and buy land

Main objectives of the survey

1- The level of justification

Individual, national, regional (European), global

2- The logic of justification

Calculus vs. Cultural

‘Europeanization’ hypothesis• If the EU pressures are high on a sector, domestic

compliance is more likely on that sector. Because Turkey would like to evade EU sanctions or benefit from the EU promises.

The level of justification should be EuropeanThe logic of justification should be Calculus (national interests, EU conditionality, best practices in

the world)

Expected Outcome: TURKEY’S COMPLIANCECyprus> Foreigners’ Rights> Art.301

‘Stanford School’ hypothesis• If the EU conditions follow world culture, it is

automatically followed by Turkey. Otherwise, the EU’s strong pressures might be counter-productive.

The level of justification should be GlobalThe logic of justification should be Cultural(national culture, European culture, global culture)

Expected Outcome(s)• Compliance in Art. 301 (Freedom of

expression), • Compliance in Foreigners Rights (Free

movement, hr)• Continued resistance against Cyprus opening

(no global norm, see the UN discourse)

Preliminary Findings

Preliminary Findings

SURVEY CODESLevel and Logic: pro-reform in Article 301WORLD CULTURAL: “As freedom of

expression is a well-established global principle, the abrogation of the Article 301 is an important criterion for being counted as a modern and democratic country.”

WORLD CALCULUS: “The Article 301 torpedoes Turkey’s economic, political and social relations with other countries in the world.”

EU CALCULUS: “The abrogation of the Article 301 is a precondition for full EU membership.”

EU CULTURAL: “The Article 301 is incompatible with Turkey’s European identity.”

Level and Logic of justifications

Level (pro-reform in Art. 301)

Logic (pro-reform in Art 301)

SURVEY CODES (Level and Logic): contra-reform in Article 301

WORLD CULTURAL: “There is no such institutionalized principle in the world. Many countries still have regulations similar to the Article 301.”

WORLD CALCULUS: “It is observed that world countries which abrogated such articles have faced negative repercussions.”

EU CALCULUS: “The abrogation of the Article 301 is not an important precondition for full EU membership.”

EU CULTURAL: “There is no such European standards in this domain.”

Level and Logic of Justifications

Level: contra-reform in Art. 301

Logic (contra-reform in Art. 301)

SURVEY CODES (Level and Logic)Pro- Foreigners RightsWORLD CULTURAL: “Lifting restrictions

towards foreigners has become a global policy in the modern world. And as Turkey is a modern country, it should follow world standards.”

WORLD CALCULUS: “It is observed that world countries which lift restrictions towards foreigners achieve higher economic growth.”

EU CALCULUS: “This is necessary for EU membership.”

EU CULTURAL: “Restricting foreigners rights is against European identity and culture. So, Turkey should demonstrate its Europeanness by lifting the restrictions against foreigners.”

Reasons for Expanding Foreigners Rights

Logic (pro Foreigners Rights)

Level (pro Foreigners Rights)

SURVEY CODES (Level and Logic)Contra-reform in Foreigners RightsWORLD CULTURAL: “Since there is no such

institutionalized norm in the world; So, Turkey as a sovereign state, is free to maintain restrictions against foreigners.”

WORLD CALCULUS: “It is observed that world countries which lift restrictions towards foreigners face economic, social and political problems.”

EU CALCULUS: “European countries still apply restrictions towards foreigners in order to protect themselves from economic and social problems.”

EU CULTURAL: “There is no European standards in this policy area. So, as all other sovereign states, Turkey is free to maintain restrictions towards foreigners.”

Reasons for Restricting Foreigners Rights

Level (contra Foreigners rights)

Logic (contra Foreigners Rights)

SURVEY CODES (Level and Logic)Pro Cyprus OpeningWORLD CULTURAL: “Turkey should

demonstrate that it is a modern country by developing good neighborly relations with Cyprus.”

WORLD CALCULUS: “By doing so, Turkey could improve its diplomatic and trade relations with other countries in the world.”

EU CALCULUS: “This is a precondition for Turkey’s EU membership.”

EU CULTURAL: “This is what is appropriate for Turkey’s European identity.”

Reasons for supporting Cyprus opening

Logic (pro Cyprus opening)

Level (pro Cyprus opening)

SURVEY CODES (Level and Logic)Contra Cyprus Opening

WORLD CULTURAL: “Such conflicts in the world as Cyprus are resolved under the aegis of the United Nations, rather than that of the EU.”

WORLD CALCULUS: “The international community is aware that Turkey is right in this matter. So, there is no world pressures against Turkey.”

EU CALCULUS: “For Turkey, Cyprus problem is more important than the EU membership. So, opening harbours and aerospace to Cyprus would mean political concession and would be incompatible with Turkey’s national interests.”

EU CULTURAL: “Due to its cultural affinity, the EU privileges the Greek Cypriot administration and imposes double-standards on Turkey.”

Reasons for rejecting Cyprus opening

Level (contra Cyprus opening)

Logic (contra Cyprus opening)

Concluding Remarks‘Sender-Receiver’ Europeanization model

Level LogicEuropean>Global

Calculus>Cultural

Stanford School (world culture) model

Level LogicGlobal>European Cultural>Calculus

The Most Important ReasonFor supporting reforms: Art 301 WORLD CULTURALForeigners rights WORLD CULTURALCyprus opening WORLD CALCULUS

For rejecting reforms:Art 301 WORLD CULTURALForeigners rights EUROPEAN CULTURALCyprus opening EUROPEAN CULTURAL

World culture > EU conditionality in justifying the support for reforms in the areas institutionalized in world culture

But EU cultural factors (lack of an EU standard) explain domestic resistance in the areas where world culture and EU standards are vague.

In lieu of Conclusion

So, the simple formulae is wrong :EU pressuresdomestic compliance

eg. EU pressures in Cyprus resistance

Need to consider more seriously: 1- World level factors 2- Cultural logic

EU Membership Benefits

Global or European standards?