Nanocrystal Solar Cell NanoPaint ™ for Solar Car

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Nanocrystal Solar Cell NanoPaint™ for Solar Car

Sarah Swisher, Huai-Yuan Michael Tseng, Kyle Braam

OutlineMotivation: the Global Energy CrisisReview current PV technologyInorganic Nanocrystal solar cell

BenefitsResearch resultsFuture potential

NanoPaint™ for charging electric vehicles

Global Energy IssuesLimited supply of fossil fuelsEnergy securityPolitical instabilityEconomicsEnvironmental: CO2, global warming,

pollution…. all this combined with an increasing

population!

Hydroelectric

Geothermal

12 120,000

Global Renewable Energy Resources (TW)

Solar energy that strikes the earth’s surface per hour: 4.3 x 1020 JWorld energy consumption in one year: 4.1 x 1020 J

Solar Cell Operation

Figures of MeritOpen circuit voltage, VOC

Short circuit current, ISC

Energy conversion efficiency, ηThermodynamic efficiency limitQuantum efficiency, EQE and IQEMaximum power point, PMAX

Fill Factor, FF

EE235Courtesy of L.L. Kazmerski, NREL

PV Progress in Research

TECHNOLOGY DETAILSNanocrystal Solar Cell

What are nanocrystals ?

2 ~ 10 nm10 ~ 50 atoms

Why Nanocrystals Solar Cell?

Low-Cost

Large area

Flexible substrate

Solution process

Printing

Assumption in Shockley-Queisser

Approach which circumvents assumption

ExamplesTheoretical efficiency

One photon = one electron-hole pair

Multiple absorption path solar cells

Impact ionization 42%

One quasi-Fermi level separation

Multiple energy level solar cells

Intermediate bandQuantum well solar cells 87%

Constant temperature = cell temperature = carrier temperature

Multiple temperature solar cells.

Hot carrier solar cells 66%

Why Nanocrystals Solar Cell ?

P3HT/CdSe nanorods Hybrid

Wendy U. Huynh, Janke J. Dittmer, A. Paul Alivisatos. Science 295, 2425 (2002)

poly-3(hexylthiophene)

CdTe/CdSe nanorods

Gur I, Fromer N. A, Geier M. L, Alivisatos A. P. Science 2005; 310: 462-465.

CIGS Nanoparticle Precursor

Inkjet printable

Roll-to-Roll

Vijay K. Kapur*, Ashish Bansal, Phucan Le, Omar I. Asensio. Thin Solid Films 431 –432 (2003) 53–57

ComparisonP3HT/CdSe NR CdTe/CdSe NR CIGS NP

Isc (mA/cm2) 5.7 13.2 37.3 37.9Voc (V) 0.7 0.45 0.52 0.44

Fill Factor 0.4 0.49 0.71 0.61Efficiency (%) 1.7 2.9 13.6 10.1

Substrate ITO/Glass ITO/Glass Glass Mo foil

Printability Poor Poor Good (inkjet/screen printing)

Temperature Low Medium MediumReliability Non-stable Air stable Air Stable

Environmental Unfriendly Unfriendly Friendly

APPLICATIONNanoPaint™ for Solar Car

Solar Car

North American Solar ChallengeCars drive at speed limit: 65 mphWinning time: 51 hours, 41 minutes, and 53

seconds

University of Michigan Solar car University of California Berkeley Solar Car

Solar Electric Vehicles Astrolab solar concept car from Venturi

Electric

Solar cells: 21% efficient1 Day of sun=11 miles

Solar Electric Vehicles 1992 Mazada 929 Luxury Sedan

Solar cells run fan to cool car and can recharge the car’s battery

Solar Electric Vehicles2010 Prius

Solar roof package: $3,600Powers fan to cool the interior by 20 degreesOnly available for certain models

Solar Electric VehiclesSolar Electric Vehicle photovoltaic module

16% efficient, 215 Watts1 Day of sun =range of 5 to 8 miles $4,000

Solar Electric VehiclesDisadvantages of models

Cost: single crystallineWeightStructure

Solution:Solar Cells based on CIGS nanoparticles“Solar Cell NanoPaint™”

Source: http://www.cartuningcentral.com/how-to-paint-a-car

Solar Cell NanoPaint™

Our painting process of the CIGS nanoparticle on the solar car was covered by

National Geographic Channel

Solar Cell NanoPaint™Market Comparison

Solar Electric Vehicles

Solar CellNanoPaint™

Optimized Solar Cell NanoPaint™

Material Single Crystalline CIGS Nanoparticle CIGS NanoparticleEfficiency 16% 10% 19%

Weight Moderate low LowArea 1.507 m2 7.67 m2 7.67 m2

Lifetime Long-20 years long-20 years Long-20 yearsPower Output 215 Watts 767 Watts 1457 WattsDriving range 5-8 Miles 18-28 Miles 34-51 MilesEnvironmental

Hazardmoderate Low Low

Cost $4,000 low-$2000 Lower-$1500

Solar Cell NanoPaint™ Market Analysis

Increasing hybrid electric vehicle sales will drive demand for Solar Cell NanoPaint™

Market Analysis

Market Hybrid Electric vehicles

Total number of Vehicles in the US 247 Million

Number of Hybrid Vehicles currently available in US

1-2 Million

Revenue Assuming 1% Conversion of Available Hybrids

40 Million Dollars

Hybrid Sales In the US

Source: http://www.cartuningcentral.com/how-to-paint-a-car

ConclusionPhotovoltaicsNanoparticle Systems

P3HT/CdSeCdTe/CdSeCIGS nanoparticle

CIGS NanoPaint™ Solar CellSolar hybrid electric vehicle

Nanocrystal Solar Cell NanoPaint ™ for Solar Car

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