NanotechnologyWhat, How, Why?

NSTA, Indianapolis, March 30, 2012

Brought to you by …

• NSF grant DMI-0531171 to the UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing

• Mort Sternheim, Director, STEM Education Institute, mort@umassk12.net

• Rob Snyder, STEM Ed, snyder@umassk12.net

• www.umassk12.net/nano

Today’s Agenda

• Introduction – Mort Sternheim– What, how, why?

• Make a nanofilm – Rob Snyder– Was Franklin the first nanotechnologist?

• Size Matters – Mort– Hands on activity

• Atomic force microscopy – Rob

Nanotechnology Summer Institute

• Monday to Friday, July 9 -13, 2012, UMass Amherst • Middle and High School Science, Math, and Technology

Teachers; Informal Educators (from anywhere)• $75/day stipends ($375 total), materials, parking,

lunches • Housing (new air conditioned dorms) for those outside

the commuting radius• 3 graduate credits available at reduced cost; free PDP's

(Professional Development Points) • Also available: STEM DIGITAL• See flyer

Monday, July 11 Tuesday, July 12 Wed., July 13 Thursday, July 14 Friday, July 15

Perspective Mapping; Sizes Manufacturing Interdisciplinary Conclusions

8:30 AM

Coffee and Registration Lobby of ISB

Coffee photos 364

Coffee photos

Coffee photos

Coffee photos

9:00 AM

Welcome, intros Nano overview 329 Mark, Jonathan Logistics Holly

Why Size Matters: Mort Intro to AFM 329 Jonathan, Jennifer, Rob

Self assembly 329 Mark, Rob Oleic acid module

Societal issues J igsaw: Experts (assigned locations)

Gelatin Diffusion Experiment conclusion 364

9:45 Peer groups I

10:30 Break Break Break Break Break

10:45 AM

Franklin; oleic acid experiment 364 Rob

AFM, cont. 364

Magnetic memory; 329

Peer groups II

Crystal growing conclusion, 364 Nanomedicine Jonathan

Magnetism module 329

Full group reports

12:00 PM

Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Evaluators Visit

1:00 PM

Gelatin diffusion experiment 329, 364 Jennifer

Lithography, electrodeposition Rob, Mark 329, 364

Lab tour Hasbrouck basement

Nanoparticles and sunscreen 329 Mort

Academic year Sharing (posters) 329

Virtual clean room

2:00 PM

2:15 Crystal growing experiment Rob

Rm. 329 Academic year brainstorm

Biological Applications Jenny Ross

Poster Sharing, Cont. 329 Final Session Feedback

3:00 Break Break Break Break

3:15 Powers of Ten Rob

Nano impact, applications, careers 329 Mark, Jonathan

Bio-nano wires lab (Nikhil Malvankar) Morrill IV 403

Academic year planning, posters 329

J igsaw Assignment Intro Holly 329

Curriculum design project, Exploring the web

.

Website

• www.umassk12.net/stem/materials.html Today’s materials

• www.umassk12.net/nano– Application forms, agenda– Educational materials – PowerPoints, Teacher

guides, student handouts, web links

What: Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.

1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter= 1 x 10-9 m

nano.gov

How small are nanostructures?

Width = 0.1 mm

= 100 micrometers

= 100,000 nanometers !

Single Hair

Smaller still

Hair

.

Red blood cell

6,000 nanometersDNA

3 nanometers

Relative sizes

• Atomic nuclei ~ 10-15 meters = 10-6 nanometers

• Atoms ~ 10-10 meters = 0.1 nanometers• Nanoscale ~ 1 to 100 nanometers

~ 10 to 1000 atoms• Everyday world ~ 1 meter

= 109 nanometers • More on powers of ten on our website,

others

How: MakingNanostructures

Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing

"Top down" versus "bottom up" methods

•Lithography•Deposition•Etching•Machining

•Chemical•Self-Assembly

Self Assembly

SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS

Block “A” Block “B”

10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A

~10 nm

Ordered Phases

PMMA PS

Phase separation...on the nanoscale

Self-AssembledNanoscale "Stencils" Deposition

Template

EtchingMask

NanoporousMembrane

Remove polymerblock within cylinders(expose and develop)

A self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system

(physical orelectrochemical)

Nanofilms

Gold-coated plastic for insulation purposes

"Low-E" windows: a thin metal layer on glass: blocks UV and IR light

Nanofilm on plasticNanofilm on glass

A nanofilm method:Thermal Evaporation

Vaporization or sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a vacuum chamber

vacuum~10-7 torr

sample

source

film

vacuumpump

QCM

vapor

heating source

Pressure is held low to prevent contamination!

Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others

There are many otherthin film manufacturingtechniques

Patterning: Photolithography

substrate

process recipe

spin on resist

resist

expose

mask (reticle)

develop

deposit

apply spin bake

spin coating

exposed unexposed

"scission"

liftoff

etch

narrow line

narrow trench

Patterning: Imprint Lithography

Mold Template

Polymer or Prepolymer

Substrate

ImprintPressure

Heat or Cure

Release

• Thermal Imprint Lithography

– Emboss pattern into thermoplastic or thermoset with heating

• UV-Assisted Imprint Lithography

– Curing polymer while in contact with hard, transparent mold

Limits of Lithography

• Complex devices need to be patterned several times

Takes time and is expensive

• Limited by wavelength of light

Deep UV ~ 30nm features

• Can use electrons instead

1nm features possible

MUCH slower than optical IBM - Copper Wiring

On a Computer Chip

Why: Applications

Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale?

• To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more -- a sustainable future!)

• To discover completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)

Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, and others) are of significant and growing importance.

Some applications of nanotechnology have been around for a very long time already:• Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles• Photographic film - silver nanoparticles• Tires - carbon black nanoparticles• Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium

Applications of Nanotechnology

Some key challenges facing society

• Water• Energy• Health• Sustainable development• Environment• Knowledge• Economy

Global Grand Challenges

2008 NAE Grand Challenges

Top Program Areas of the NationalNanotechnology Initiative for 2011

1. Fundamental nanoscale phenomena and processes2. Nanomaterials3. Nanoscale devices and systems4. Instrumentation research, metrology, and standards5. Nanomanufacturing6. Major research facilities and instrumentation7. Environment, health and safety8. Education and societal dimensions

484M 342M 402M 77M 101M 203M 117M 35M

Nanomanufacturing

• Processes must work at a commercially relevant scale• Cost is a key factor• Must be reproducible and reliable• EHS under control• Nanomanufacturing includes top-down and bottom-up techniques, and integration of both• Must form part of a value chain

http://www.masspolicy.org/pdf/workshop/rejeski.pdf

10 GB2001

20 GB2002

40 GB2004

80 GB2006

160 GB2007

Example: Data storage capacity of the iPod

Hard driveMagnetic data storage

Uses nanotechnology!Nanomagnets!

Hard Disk Drives - a home for bits

Hitachi

Magnetic Data StorageA computer hard drive stores your data magnetically

Disk

N S

direction of disk motion

“ Write”Head

0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 _ _

“ Bits” ofinformation

NS

“ Read”Head

Signalcurrent

magnets

Scaling Down to the Nanoscale

Increases the amount of data stored on a fixed amount of “real estate” !

Now ~ 100 billion bits/in2, future target more than 1 trillion bits/in2

25 DVDs on a disk the size of a quarter, orall Library of Congress books on a 1 sq ft tile!

Improving Magnetic Data Storage Technology

• The UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing is working to improve this technology

Granular Media

PerpendicularWrite Head

Soft Magnetic UnderLayer (SUL)

coil

Y. Sonobe, et al., JMMM (2006)

1 bit

• CHM Goal: Make "perfect" mediausing self-assembled nano-templates• Also, making new designs for storage

Solar Cells

Konarka

Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electrical energy.

Nanostructured Solar Cells

+

-

Sunlight

Voltage “load”

CurrentMore interface area - More power!

Targeted Cancer Therapy

Cancer Therapy

tumor

gold nanoshells

Naomi Halas group, Rice Univ.

www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218392390

targeted therapy: hyperthermic treatment

Nanoshells are coated with a substance that binds them to cancer cells. Absorb IR and destroy cancer cells with heat; no harm to healthy cells

More Applications

• Sunscreens with nanoparticles to block UVA– Earlier sunscreens only block UVB; UVA and

UVB both cause cancer• Water purification with nanofilters• http://nanosense.org/ - sunscreen and nanofilters

• Stain resistant fabrics

• Better Kelvar bullet proof vests

The National Nanotechnology Initiative

nano.gov - the website of the NNI

Nanotechnology is an example ofThe Medici Effect at work

People from diverse fields working together -- more rapidly solving important problems in our

society• Physics• Chemistry• Biology• Materials Science• Polymer Science• Electrical Engineering• Chemical Engineering• Mechanical Engineering• Medicine• And others

• Electronics• Materials• Health/Biotech• Chemical• Environmental• Energy• Food• Aerospace• Automotive• Security• Forest products

Cooperation and Collaboration Across Professions Makes It Happen

Cooperation of academia, industry, and government to advance science and technology

Example: America Competes Act (Dec. 2010)

- Nanotechnology and Education play key roles

Example: American Manufacturing Partnership (June 2011)

- Nanotechnology and Education play key roles

Education + Science + Engineering + Business + Policy + More

A Message for Students

Nanotechnology is changing practically every part of our lives. It is a field for people who want to

solve technological challenges facing societies across the world