Post on 22-Dec-2015
transcript
National and global meteorological requirements for spectrum
Dr Sue BarrellAssistant Director (Observations and Engineering)
Australian Bureau of Meteorology
Bureau of Meteorology
• The overall mission of the Bureau is to observe and understand
Australian weather and climate and provide meteorological,
hydrological and oceanographic services in support of
Australia’s national needs and international obligations.
• Mandate and authority derives from Meteorology Act 1955
• Funded through Government appropriation
• Public good
• The Bureau is an Executive Agency within the Environment and
Heritage Portfolio
The role of the Bureau
• Basic Objectives of the Bureau: Climate record – meet the need for reliable climate data
Scientific understanding – advance the science of meteorology and
develop an understanding of Australia’s weather and climate
Community welfare – contribute to:
• reduction of the social and economic impact of natural disasters
• safety of life and property
• national security
• economic development and prosperity of primary, secondary and
tertiary industry
• community health, recreation, and quality of life
International cooperation – advance Australia’s interests in and through
international meteorology
The Bureau’s services to the community
• Disaster mitigation (severe storms, tropical cyclones, fire
weather, etc)
• Water resource monitoring/prediction
• Drought assessment
• Climate monitoring
• Forecasts
• Public weather (for the media, and website)
• Marine (incl Navy) weather, seas state, etc
• Aviation and Defence weather
Components of the Bureau’s Observation SystemComponents of the Bureau’s Observation System
Spectrum usage by the Bureau of Meteorology
• Observing Systems
Passive Systems
Active Systems
Downlink frequencies for dissemination of satellite data
Meteorological aids: about 900 radiosonde stations
worldwide in the 400 MHz band
Ground-based systems observing in the high frequencies
(IR, Visible, UV)
Passive satellite systems
detect radiation emitted by molecules in the earth & atmosphere
Smoke - large part.
CloudHot Area
Smoke -small part.
Fire
Shadow
GrassLake
Soil
AVIRIS Image
SnowLow Clouds
Cirrus
Passive satellite systems combinations of bands are used for retrieving information from radiation emitted by the earth and atmosphere
For example: snow, low-cloud,
high-cloud discrimination using
4 separate frequencies in the
microwave spectrum
Passive satellite systemsused for deep convection analysis using microwave and IR frequencies
Temperature
Hei
ght
H2O Vapor
Tropopause
Troposphere
Stratosphere
T11 < T6.7 (T6.7 - T11) > 0Deep convection presents many hazards to aviation (e.g., turbulence, lightning, large hail, icing).
Spectrum usage by the Bureau of Meteorology
• Observing Systems
Passive Systems
Active Systems
• Weather radars & vertical wind profilers
• Space-based sensors such as altimeters eg. JASON,
QUIKSCAT
Downlink frequencies for dissemination of satellite data
Meteorological aids: about 900 radiosonde stations worldwide in
the 400 MHz band
Ground-based systems observing in the high frequencies (IR,
Visible, UV)
Active Systems - Weather radar
Tropical Cyclone Monica
24 April 2006 (Cat. 5)
Plan and vertical scans, clearly locating eye structure and rain bands
C Band Radar, Gove
Spectrum usage by the Bureau of Meteorology
• Observing Systems
Passive Systems
Active Systems
Downlink frequencies for dissemination of satellite data
• In exchange we provide satellite-positioning services from
the Bureau’s earth-stations
Meteorological aids: about 900 radiosonde stations worldwide
in the 400 MHz band
Ground-based systems observing in the high frequencies (IR,
Visible, UV)
Constellation of Meteorological Satellites
FY-2A(CHINA)86.5°E
GOES-10(USA)135°W
GOES-12(USA)75°W
METEOSAT-9 (EUMETSAT)0°
METEOSAT-7(EUMETSAT)57.5°E
METEOSAT-6(EUMETSAT)63°E
GOMS(RUSSIA)76°E
INSAT 2-E(INDIA)83°E
FY-1D(CHINA)
NOAA-12,14,15,16,17,18(USA)
METEOR-3M-N1(RUSSIA)
KALPANA-1(INDIA)74°E
METEOSAT-8 (EUMETSAT)3.4°W
METOP-A(EUMETSAT)
FY-2C(CHINA)105°E
GOES-9(USA)200°W
GOES-11(USA)105°W
FY-2B(CHINA)123.5°E
INSAT 3-A(INDIA)93.5°E
INSAT 2-B(INDIA)111.5°E
INSAT 3-C(INDIA)74°E
MTSAT-1R(JAPAN)140°E
INSAT 2-C(INDIA)48°E
Frequency bands Passive sensingActive sensing
Australian Bureau of Meteorology – 2006 spectrum use
GHz 100 – 853 Space - based• atmospheric chemistry, water vapour, temperature
GHz 50 – 60 Space - based• atmospheric oxygen for temperature profiling
GHz 36 – 37 Space - based• rain / snow precipitation • cloud liquid water / vapour• ocean wind & ice • soil moisture
GHz 31 – 32 Space - based• window channels related to temperature measurement
GHz 24 Space - based• atmospheric water vapour • cloud liquid water
GHz 19 Space - based• sea-state and ocean ice • rain / snow• water vapour
GHz 11 Space - based• rain / snow / ice • soil moisture• sea-state / ocean wind • ocean surface temperature
GHz 1.4 Space - based• vegetation index • soil moisture & salinity• sea-state / ocean wind • ocean surface temperature
GHz 9.3 – 9.5 Surface - based• Weather Watch & Wind – find RADAR X - band
GHz 5.6 – 5.65 Surface - based• Weather Watch & Wind - find RADAR C - band
GHz 2.7 – 2.9 Surface - based• Weather Watch & Wind - find RADAR S - band
GHz 94 - 238 Space – based• Cloud profiling
GHz 13.25 - 36 Space - based• Wind, ice, geoid, vegetation, snow, rain, altimetry
GHz 5.15 – 5.46 Space - based• Geology • Sea – ice • Oceanography• Land – use • Interferometry
GHz 0.42 – 0.47 Space - based• Forestry monitoring ( biomass )
MHz 1680 Surface - based• Radiosonde ( balloon )
MHz 400.15 – 403 Surface - based• Radiosonde ( balloon )
MHz 1280 Surface - based• Wind Profiler ( Troposphere – Stratosphere )
MHz 50 Surface - based• Wind Profiler ( Troposphere – Stratosphere )
Downlink frequencies
Australian Bureau of Meteorology – 2006 spectrum use
MHz 137.035 137.1, 137.795, 137.9125• Polar-orbiting satellite FY1
MHz 137.35, 137.5, 137.62, 137.77• Polar-orbiting satellite NOAA
MHz 1687.1• Geostationary satellite MTSAT-1R
MHz 1687.5 • Geostationary satellite FY2
MHz 1691 • Geostationary satellite (low resolution data)
MHz 1695.5, 1698, 1702.5, 1704.5, 1707• Polar-orbiting satellite (high resolution data)
GHz 1.6955, 1.698, 1.7025, 1.7045, 1.707• Polar-orbiting satellite NOAA (Davis)
MHz 1684• TARS (receive)
MHz 1690• TARS (receive)
MHz 2032.2• TARS (transmit)
MHz 2064.5• TARS (transmit)
Transmit and receive frequencies
GHz 4.04 and 8 (X-band)future meteorological data dissemination services
MHz 2-20• Marine HF (Voice and fax)
HF Marine Broadcast System
Bureau of Meteorology Coastal Seas Forecast and High Seas Bulletin
Broadcast by voice and facsimile from two sites, Willuna and Charleville
Information to be broadcast is relayed by data link from Melbourne Head Office
Spectrum usage by the Bureau of Meteorology
• Observing Systems
Passive Systems
Active Systems
Downlink frequencies for dissemination of satellite data
Meteorological aids: 38 radiosonde stations across Australia
(and its territories) in the 400 MHz band (1680MHz in
reserve)
Ground-based systems observing in the high frequencies
(IR, Visible, UV)
Spectrum usage by the Bureau of Meteorology
• Observing Systems
Passive Systems
Active Systems
Downlink frequencies for dissemination of satellite data
Meteorological aids: about 900 radiosonde stations worldwide in the
400 MHz band
Numerous and varied ground- and space-based systems observing
in the high frequency bands (IR, Visible, UV)
Space-based systems dependent on radio frequency downlink for direct
readout and timely data processing and assimilation
The Bureau’s services to the community
ECMWF experiment shows the impact of removing 3 AMSU-A instruments
Impact of satellite data on forecasts
Another ECMWF experiment showed the impact of removing various observing systems from forecast analysis.
Removing satellite data (purple line) has the largest impact on the forecast analysis.
Tropical cyclones cloud imagery, rainfall rate, sea surface winds
– TRMM, Meghatropiques (2009) and GPM constellation (2013)
– Aqua, Terra
– ERS-2, QuikScat, Metop/ASCAT
– DMSP/SSMI
– GOES, Meteosat, MTSAT
• Weather forecasting in support of flood prediction
cloud imagery and rainfall rate
– TRMM, Meghatropiques (2009) and GPM constellation (2013)
– all Operational met. satellites
–Aqua –Terra
• Drought and risk of wildfires soil moisture, vegetation index weather forecasting
– Spot, Landsat
– all Operational met. satellites
–Aqua –Terra
Vegetation anomaly over Africa, MODIS/Terra
Satellite Systems support Disaster Warning
Wildfires, volcanic eruptions Visible and IR high resolution imagery
• Oil spills SAR Imagery
– NOAA-Metop (AVHRR), Aqua-Terra (MODIS), SPOT, Landsat
– MSG (SEVIRI),GOES , MTSAT
Esperanza Fires, Landsat
– NOAA-Metop (AVHRR), Aqua-Terra (MODIS, ASTER), SPOT, Landsat
– MSG (SEVIRI),GOES, MTSAT
– RadarSat, ENVISAT (ASAR)
Floods in India, Terra, MODIS
• TsunamiOcean topography
Hot spots in Guinea, 2004, SEVIRI on Meteosat-8
• Dust storms multispectral VIS/IR imagery
Meteosat, MTSAT, GOES
Dust storm over Africa, 3
March 2004, Meteosat-8, SEVIRI
• Floods Visible and IR high resolution imagery
Disaster Detection and Monitoring
The Bureau’s services to the community
Sydney, Hunter and Northern Regions Hail
Storm
3 December 2001
$30M estimated damages
The Bureau’s services to the community
• Satellite data was used to position the eye of the cyclone to an accuracy of 30km, 2 days before it made landfall
Tropical Cyclone Larry
20 March 2006MTSAT-1R image of TC Larry
TRMM (microwave) image of TC Larry
• Weather radar data tracked the movement of the storm and was used to provide forecasts and warnings• Reached category 5• No lives were lost
• Total estimated damages: $360M
Willis Island Radar
Australian Water Availability Project
• Partnership of Bureau of Rural Sciences, CSIRO, Bureau of Meteorology• Funded by National Heritage Trust, in support of the National Water Initiative• Establish monitoring and prediction of soil moisture and water balance components
(rainfall, evaporation, transpiration, runoff) to: Underpin sustainable & productive natural resource management and farm
profitability Support implementation of federal Exceptional Circumstances (drought relief)
policy Manage impact of drought on urban and rural water supplies
• Real-time (in situ and space-based) data drives a water balance model: Meteorological data
• Precipitation, temperature, humidity, wind Satellite-derived data
• Solar radiation• Vegetation greenness• Land surface temperature
VegetationGreenness
Solar Radiation
Flexibility in the choice of frequencies used by the Bureau of Meteorology
Spectrum usage Flexibility
Passive remote sensing None There are no alternative regions of the spectrum to measure radiation emitted by molecules in the earth & atmosphere
Weather radars & wind profilers
Little Can tune operating frequencies of modern equipt, but must remain within band.
Frequency tuneability is limited by band plan agreements with other users.
Older units can be untunable
Downlink frequencies None Determined by international satellite operators (Australia has no satellites)
Surface-based (point to multipoint) communications
High Determined by equipment and stakeholders
Location of earth stations Little Some flexibility to locate earth stations away from capital cities, but at very high cost (security, communications, maintenance).
As a public good organisation, the Bureau cannot pass on costs.
Meteorological data – cost to the Bureau
• Free international exchange of meteorological data
WMO Resolution 40:
“.. provide on a free and unrestricted basis essential data and products which are
necessary for the provision of services in support of the protection of life and
property and the well-being of all nations, particularly those basic data and
products, … required to describe and forecast accurately weather and climate, and
support WMO Programmes; ..”
• Extensive Australian use of foreign satellite data, freely provided
in exchange for protection of satellite interests
• Failure to cooperate puts access to this free data at risk
Value of meteorological services
• In the UK, the value to community today is 1.5 Billion pounds p/a
o Expect higher for Australia (UK 2x population, 2x GDP, 0.05x area
of Australia)
• All data consistently point to the value of all Australian meteorological
services being $2-3 Billion per annum
• Benefit to cost ratio of meteorological services:
Basic public weather services for householders (forecasts and warnings) 4:1
Terminal aerodrome forecasts service for international flights to Sydney airport 2.7:1
Public weather and climate services for mining firms in Queensland 17:1
Tropical cyclone warning service for homeowners in QLD 10 - 66:1
Impact of compromised access to key spectrum bands
• Disaster mitigation services affected
• Quality of forecasts diminished – lives at risk
• Increased costs resulting from weather-related disasters
Cost of all weather-related damage (severe wx, drought, flood, etc) in 2005:
$276 billion. (UN expects a peak year of $1.3 Trillion USD before 2040.)
Australian GDP ~2% of global GDP, suggests peak Australian annual loss
of as much as $30 Billion before 2040.
Assume 10% of damage is “avoidable”, then up to $3 Billion per annum
value of meteorological services in Australia.
Foregone economic benefit of extended period forecasts
Summary
• Bureau of Meteorology delivers high value services to the community
Critical to the safety of life and the protection of property
• Services depend on robust and effective observing systems and
communications
Largely dependent on unhindered access to radiofrequency spectrum
A mix of frequencies and systems are essential to service continuity and
quality
• Timely & reliable access to satellite data essential to data assimilation
Early detection and warning to maximise preparedness and response to
severe weather and natural disasters
• Future service improvements, such as extended period forecasts,
depend on access to new satellite observations via X band reception
Thank you