National Income AccountingMacro MeasurementsExpenditure/Income ApproachGDP

Now we study the branch of macroeconomics that examines aggregate performance of all markets in the market system.

To measure the performance of the macro economy, we will examine two approaches:

1) Expenditure approach

2) Income approach

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total dollar value of final output produced within a nation’s borders in a given time period.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Each good and service produced and brought to market has a price.

That price serves as a measure of value for calculating total output.

The Measurement of Output

Highlights Most comprehensive measure of output is

GDP GDP = value added at each state of

production – Total value of g & s produced in a given year domestically

Nominal and Real GDP are calculated Nominal= current prices Real = GDP expressed in terms of constant

prices (sans inflation)

GDP Per CapitaTotal GDP divided by Total Population

This is the way to compare international output among different countries/economies.

Divide the pie- how many pieces for each?In 2001 America’s total GDP of $10 trillion was shared by 280

million citizens. Average per capita GDP was around $36,000.

2004= $37,600 – population 2004 was 292 million+2005 = $41,8002008 = $46,000 population 2008 was 303 million+

1Luxembourg $80,800

2. Qatar $75,900

3. Bermuda $69,900

4. Jersey $57,000

5. Norway $55,600

6. Kuwait $55,300

7. UnitedArabEmirates $55,200

8. Singapore $48,900

9. United States$47,500

10. Ireland $45,600

So… What does per capita really tell us?It is a statistical comparison that indicates how well

off people are in a country.Real per capital increases when REAL GDP rises

faster than populationIt can indicate the differences in the ways people live.

How many TVs they have. How many cell phones, Internet connections, cars, refrigerators, paved roads, schools, etc.

All it does is state that if per capita is higher, the average amount of goods/person is higher than the base comparison.

Highlights ContinuedEach year capital is worn out – called depreciation..By subtracting depreciation from GDP we derive net domesticproduct (NDP)Difference between NDP and GDP is equal to the difference between gross investment expenditures and net investment— Expenditure Approach to GDP Measurement

Income Approach to GDP Measurement

Consumption

+

Investment

+

Government

+

Net Exports

Total value of output

Wages and salaries +

Corporate profits +

Proprietors’ income +

Farm Income +

Rents +

Interest +

Sales taxes +

Depreciation =

Total value of income

Value of total expenditure must equal value of total income

OUTPUT = INCOME All the spending that establishes the value of

output also determines the value of incomes. Generally speaking, the market value of

incomes must equal the market value of output.

Every dollar spent on output becomes a dollar of income for someone.

Computing GDP

The value of GDP can be computed by adding up expenditures of market participants:(add up the market value of all domestic expenditures made on final goods and services in a single year.)

GDP = C + I + G + (X – IM)Where:

C = Consumption expenditure X = exports I = investment expenditure IM = importsG = government expenditure

Total Expenditure on final G & S is broken down in four categories:

Consumption expenditures- Comprises the largest share (2/3’s) of

total expenditure. Includes nondurable goods (food,clothing)

and durable goods (appliances, autos) Includes consumption service expenditures

such as barbers, doctors, lawyers, mechanics.

Expenditures ContinuedInvestment ExpendituresIncludes expenditures on fixed investment goods

and inventory investment.Fixed investments goods are those that are useful

over a long period of time- includes purchases of new equipment, factories, other nonresidential housing as well as new residential housing. Also includes cost of replacing existing investment goods that have become worn out or obsolete.

The market value of all investment goods that must be replaced in a single year is referred to as depreciation for that year.

Investment ContinuedInventory Goods are final goods waiting to be sold that

firms have on hand at the end of the year.

The year-to-year change in the market value of firms’ inventory goods is considered an investment expenditure because these inventory goods will eventually yield a flow of consumption or production services. Because depreciation is subtracted on the expenditures approach it is added to the income which makes it a wash. Graph will follow.

Total Expenditures ContinuedGovernment Expenditures

Includes hiring of civil servants and military personnel, construction of roads and public buildings.Supplies for the war, contracts for many products/services… Boeing…etc.

Social Security, welfare, and other transfer payments are not included.(because government expenditures on transfer payments do not involve the purchase of any new goods or services and are therefore excluded from the calculation.

Total Expenditures Continued

Net ExportsExports are g & s produced domestically but sold to

foreigners.Imports are g & s produced by foreigners, but sold

domestically.Expenditures on exports are added to total

expenditures while expenditures on imports are subtracted.

X-M = value of net exports to nation’s total expenditures.

What is NOT counted?

Numerous transactions occur that have nothing to do with final goods and services being produced:

• Financial transactions

• Transfer Payments

• Secondhand Goods

Measures of Income

GDP accounts have two sides. One side focuses on expenditure – the

demand side. The other side focuses on income – the supply

side.

Income Approach

Income Approach: Add up all the income earned by households and

firms in a single year. By adding together rent, wages, profit, interest

income, one should obtain the same value of GDP as is obtained using the expenditure approach…BUT…

2 types of expenditures that are included in expenditure, but do not provide households or firms any income (depreciation expenditures and indirect business taxes)

Income Approach ContinuedDepreciation expenditures (replacing existing,

but worn out investment goods, do increase the incomes of those providing the replacement goods, but they also decrease the profit incomes of those purchasing the replacement goods.) Result= aggregate income remains unchanged.

Indirect business taxes consist of sales taxes and other excise taxes that firms collect but not regarded as part of firms’ incomes. (Hence, included in expenditures approach but not income)

Measures of Income

The total value of market incomes must equal the total value of final output, or GDP.

Value Added in Various Stages of Production

Income Approach

Deriving GDP by the Income Approach

Gross Domestic Income (GDI)

Wages: salaries and labor income

Rent: farms, houses, stores

Interest: savings accounts

Profits: sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations

Output = IncomeVALUE OF INCOMEVALUE OF OUTPUT

Net exports

Consumer spending

Investment spending

Wages

Profits

Interest

Rent

Government spending

Sales taxes Depreciation

Factor market

Product market

Figure 8-3 Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Income, 2009 (in billions of 2009 dollars per year)

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce and author’s estimates.

Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Income, 2009 (in billions of 2009 dollars per year)

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce and author’s estimates.

Measuring GDP - recap

GDP is the scoreboard for economic performance GDP is the most widely used measure of economic performance. GDP is measured quarterly. GDP = total value of goods and services produced in the United

States in a given year. Many transactions have to be excluded from GDP

Counts only the g & s purchased by their final users Counts only the g & s produced during the specified period Excludes all financial transactions and income transfers.(because financial transactions do not count for current production- examples

purchase and sale of stocks, bonds, securities= merely transfer of ownership)

Transfer payments are unproductive money into economy (both from GDP standpoint and growth standpoint.

When Goods are measured as output- units of each good are weighted according to their PURCHASE PRICEexample: new car adds more than NIKE shorts

The total spending on ALL g & s produced during the year is then summed (in dollar terms) to obtain the annual GDP

GDP differs from GNP

GDP – g & s produced within the borders of the US whether produced by foreigners or Americans

GNP – measures the output of all Americans, whether the g & s are produced here or abroad.

(The Nissan produced in Tennessee is included in U.S. GDP)

Income Flow Chart

Gross Domestic product (GDP)

less depreciationNet domestic product (NDP)

less direct business taxesNational income (NI)

less corporate taxesless retained earningsless Social Security

taxesPlus net interestPlus transfer payments

Personal Incomeless personal taxes

Disposable Income

Searching for total income earned by factors of production.The figure below = how much income flows into hands of

Consumers.

If GDP grows too rapidly, it may cause increased inflation.

If GDP grows too slowly, or declines, there will be an increase in the number of people unemployed.

***What determines the level of GDP?

Ans…(level of spending) ***What determines the level of spending?

Ans…. (add up the level of C + I + G + (X-M)

Circular Flow of Spending and Income

Factor market

PI NDP

Net exports

Government spendingSaving

Depreciation

Retained earnings

Personal taxes

Transfer payments

Net interest

Corpora

te tax

es

Socia

l Sec

urity

taxe

sIndirect

business taxes

GDP

NI

BusinessGovernmentHouseholdsDI

Consumption

Product market Investment

Sales revenue

Equilibrium GDP

The level of GDP will depend on the total spending for consumption, investment, and government

Anytime there is a change in the LEVEL

of spending the GDP will begin to move toward the new level of spending.

When GDP is exactly equal to the level of total spending, the economy is in equilibrium.

Achieving equilibrium is not necessarily the goal. The goal is to have growth towards full employment without excessive inflation

So…how do you calculate growth? Value of GDP by itself is not very

interesting. What is interesting is the year-to-year

percentage change in the value of GDP. How to calculate percentage change:

Need to know the value of the statistic at two dates in time. Growth rate last year is Yl and the value of the current year is Yc

FormulaYc – Yl x100

Yl

This formula is valid for calculating the percentage change in any statistic, not just the percentage change in GDP.

% change = _change___ original numberIf we move from 150 to 200 what is the % change?

Answer

33 l/3 %

150 – 200 = 50

50 = 5 = 1

150 15 3

Computing Real GDP

The general formula for computing real GDP is:

billion $9,7671.02

billion$9,963 =2000 in GDP Real

Calculate this:::::::In 1999 – Real GDP was 9,299

In 2000 – Real GDP was 9,767What was the % growth from 1999 to 2000

5%

9,767-9,299 = 468468/9,299 = 5

Distinguishing Between Nominal and Real Values Nominal Values

Measurements in terms of the actual market prices at which goods are sold; expressed in current dollars, also called money values

Real Values Measurements after adjustments have been made

for changes in the average of prices between years; expressed in constant dollars

*Price index: measured by the GDP deflator

Real GDP = x 100Nominal GDP

Price index*

Example: Correcting GDP for Price Index Changes Correcting GDP for price index changes

Nominal (current) dollars GDP

Real (constant) dollars GDP

What is the bottom line? The amount left after

evaluating the income approach is:

Disposable Income

(this is what we have to spend or save)

Would this change GDP?