Post on 16-Dec-2015
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Nervous System Structure & FunctionDr. Frank Mitloehnerfmmitloehner@ucdavis.edu
Organization of the Nervous System• 1) Central nervous system (CNS)
– Brain– Spinal cord
• 2) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)– Cranial nerves– Spinal nerves– Autonomic nerves
1) Central nervous system
The CNS is involved in:• Transmission of information
(signals)• Memory • Problem-solving • Input-output capability
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain Spinal
Cord
2) Peripheral nervous system
PNS function is:• Transmission of nerve impulses
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) PNS = only nerves, NOT spinal cord and brain
Peripheral Nerves
Cranial Nerves
The Peripheral Nervous System is only involved in:
A. Transmission of information (signals)
B. Memory C. Problem-solving D. Input-output capability
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Bright spots highlight metabolically active sections of the brain during a language task. The back lights up when the person reads, the middle during active speech and the front when reasoning about the meaning of a word
The Brain
Five divisions:• Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)• Dienencephalon (thalamus,
hypothalamus)• Mesencephalon (reflex centers)• Metencephalon (cerebellum, pons)• Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
Divisions of the CNS
Which of the following are not a division of the brain?
A. Telencephalon B. BenencephalonC. MesencephalonD. Metencephalon E. Myelencephalon
Lobes of the Brain
• Frontal lobe: reasoning• Parietal lobe: seat of sensory and
motor cortex• Temporal lobe: hearing• Occipital lobe: vision
The Basal Ganglia
The Limbic System
Which of the following is the seat of sensory and motor cortex?
A. Frontal lobeB. Parietal lobeC. Temporal lobeD. Occipital lobe
Properties of the Nervous System
• Nerve function is generally very similar among all mamalian species
• All neurons (nerve cells) make up the nervous system
• Neuron membranes are electrically excitable (receive and send electrical signals)
• The function of the nervous system is: a) to collect information (signals), b) to process those information, c) to generate responses to control behavior
Nerve Cell Terminology• The neuron (nerve cell) consists of the
soma (cell body) and all its processes (dendrites and axons)
• A dendrite is a process that conducts impulses toward the cell body
• An axon (also called nerve fiber) conducts impulses away from the cell body
• The axon is covered by a membrane, called axolemma
Which of the following is the typical direction of flow of information through a cortical neuron?
A. axon; dendrite; cell body; synaptic terminalB. synaptic terminal; dendrite; cell body; axonC. dendrite; cell body; synaptic terminal; axonD. synaptic terminal; cell body; axon; dendriteE. dendrite; cell body; axon; synaptic terminal
Three Types of Neurons
1) Sensory neurons: transmit information of an internal or external stimulus to CNS (pain, temperature, touch…)
2) Interneurons: connect neurons inside the CNS
3) Motor neurons: carry signals from CNS to effector organs like e.g., muscles, or glands
Nerve(bundles of axons)
Spinal Cord
Reflex Arc
The axon can also be surrounded by supporting glial cells (white lipid structure), called myelin sheath. This myelin sheath is interrupted by regular spaced myelin-free gaps, called nodes of Ranvier.
Myelin Sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
Myelin Sheath
• Myelin is a white lipid substance that forms a sheath around the axon
• Serves as an electrical insulator• Nerve cells in the gray matter of
the CNS are not myelinated but the white matter is myelinated
Myelinated Axon
Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?
A. Provision of nutrition to the brainB. Insulation of a nerve cell from other
nerve cellsC. The conduction of action potentialsD. Removal of physical debris from the
brainE. Physical support of neurons
Axon Terminal and Synapse• The end of the axon is called axon terminals
• Continuity from one neuron to the next is
provided by the synapse • There is no physical contact between
neurons. They are separated by a gap• This gap between two neurons is called the
synaptic gap or synapse• Signals between two neurons are conducted
by chemical means through the synapse
Synapse and Axon Terminals
Axon Terminals
Synapse
Myelinated Axon
Questions?