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Network-based interlibrary loan in the international environment: a report on the activitiesof OCLC EuropeAuthor(s): David BuckleSource: Fontes Artis Musicae, Vol. 35, No. 3 (Juli-September 1988), pp. 184-189Published by: International Association of Music Libraries, Archives, and Documentation Centres(IAML)Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23507464 .
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184 D. Buckle: Network-based interlibrary loan in the international environment
Related to these are the magazines devoted to the organ. The oldest was the periodical De
Schalmei; tweemaandelijks tijdschrift voor Organisten, published between 1946 and 1950 by organ
player Gabriel Verschraegen. From 1952 until 1972 it was continued by De Praestant; driemaande
lijks tijdschrift voor orgelcultuur in de Nederlanden, directed by Flor Peeters and with Titus Tim
merman as chief editor. A few years later the torch was handed on to Orgelkunst, with organ
player Kamiel D'Hooghe as chief editor; whereas L'organiste; organe de l'Union wallonne des or
ganistes, published since 1968, was its counterpart in the French-speaking part of the country. Secular choral singing too is represented by some journals which are however not discussed in de
tail: Bulletin delà Fédération des sociétés chorales (1925—1940), De Zanger (1930—33), De Koor
zanger (1932—34), Canto (1959—1965) and ANZ-Mededelingen (1973— ). Some composers —
not necessarily of Belgian origin —
enjoyed the privilege of having their own journal or yearbook :
Between 1902 and 1907 the Jaarboek van het Peter Benoit-fonds was published and the Associa
tion wagnérienne de Belgique edited the Feuilles wagnériennes from 1960 up to 1966. Published
between 1978 and 1981 by Les Amis belges d Albert Roussel, an initiative of public notary André
Peeters, were the Cahiers Albert Roussel. In 1981, the Association Kodâly de la Communauté
française de Belgique began with Le Paon.
Finally there are the periodicals or information journals published by concert associations
(Agenda musical), opera-theatres (Prologue) or broadcasting corporations (Cléspour la musique,
1969—1976; Muziek en woord, (1974— ) and magazines devoted to the development of new li
stening techniques and discographie news. A precursor in this field was Le Magazine du disque,
published by Paul Michel, (Ghent, 1931); later on followed by Microsillons (1955-56), Discorama illustré (1959) and especially Revue des disques (1950—80) where Clément Dailly, Marcel Doisy and others published their authoritative reviews of records. Platen kiezen (1966-1970) presented Flanders with the best discographie information.
As a general conclusion we can establish the fact that a rather small country like Belgium with
some 300 music periodicals has contributed significantly to the study of music life, both in the inte
rior and abroad. True enough, a number of magazines are only of local interest and various jour nals were only published for a short period of time. But then again, others have reached an inter
national level and the countless information they present us with each day while doing our re
search, gives sufficient evidence of their value. The Belgian music periodicals may be considered
as a spectrum where so many tendencies and points of interest have found an outlet. In our coun
try, their contribution to cultural education in general and musical taste in particular cannot be
underestimated.
Network-based interlibrary loan in the international environment: a report on the activities of OCLC Europe* David Buckle (Birmingham)*
Describes the functions of the OCLC Interlibrary Loan (ILL) subsystem within the context of the extensive
range of online library services derived from the rich bibliographic resource of more than 18 million titles and 290 million locations of those titles. The bibliographic data are analyseifby type of material, date of publica
Paper given at a meeting of the Project Group on the Universal Availability of Publications in Amsterdam, June 1987. David Buckle is Managing Director of OCLC Europe.
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D. Buckle: Network-based interlibrary loan in the international environment 185
tion and language. Reviews the international strategy being pursued by OCLC to enable libraries to share re
sources with each other in the Americas, Europe and the Asian/Pacific regions, and offers a particular analysis of that strategy in a number of countries in Europe.«
Interlibrary Lending In the United States the OCLC Interlibrary Loan Subsystem became de facto a "national" sys
tem. Other countries, particularly here in Europe, developed structures quite different for this
purpose. Each of those systems, whether based on a national database, national library or other
research institution, still has a requirement for accessing both bibliographic information, holdings information and the documents themselves which it cannot satisfy within its own national resour
ces. The national centres in the United Kingdom (British Library Document Supply Centre); France (Bibliothèque Nationale Centre de Prêt); Denmark (Statsbiblioteket Aarhus); and Can
ada (National Library of Canada) together with individual libraries in Finland, Denmark and
West Germany now utilise the OCLC database for interlending and we hope will actively work
with us in planning and defining the next generation of our interlending system in order that we
may more effectively support their users.
For those of you not familiar with the OCLC Interlibrary Loan Service, let me quickly describe
it to you. The OCLC Interlibrary Loan (ILL) Subsystem provides an efficient cost-effective way for libraries to expand services and share resources. Such features as online creating, transmitting
and responding to loan requests enable staff to bypass many of the labour-intensive tasks tradition
ally associated with processing ILL requests, resulting in faster loan processing. The subsystem
first became available in 1979. It now has more than 3,100 users, including nine national centres in
Europe, who send an average of 55,000 requests per week. There are nearly 243 million locations
attached to the more than 15 million bibliographic records in the OCLC database. A borrowing
library may request a specific item from up to five potential lenders. The ILL Subsystem auto
matically forwards the request to each of the selected libraries in turn until the request is filled.
Borrowing and lending libraries may update an online record of the request from the time the re
quest is made until the transaction is completed. A message file keeps both borrowing and lending
libraries informed of the status of the request. The OCLC Online Union Catalogue enables a library to verify ILL requests in an expanding
database of bibliographic records. Having located a record for an item, the borrowing library then
requests a workform and selects potential lenders. In most cases there is a list of symbols which
identify holding libraries attached to each record, from which a library may choose up to five lend
ers for each request. The system automatically transfers bibliographic information from the On
line Union Catalogue onto an online ILL record, together with information about the borrowing
library which is stored in a "constant data" file. This virtually eliminates the need to type any infor
mation onto the ILL workform.
The system forwards the request to the first potential lender. If the library does not respond af
firmatively within four working days, the system sends the request to the next potential lender,
and so on until the request is filled. Using a variety of search keys, the library can check the status
of the request in the system's transaction file, and there is a message file to draw attention to new
requests, recall and renewal notices, and other important information. Online messages appear
in borrowers' and lenders' files simultaneously. After a lender agrees to supply the item, the sys
tem automatically transfers routinely used information such as shipping date, due date and return
address to the online record. The lender may add any other information concerning restrictions on
use, borrowing charges, and special notes. The lender then ships the item. The system updates the
ILL record and automatically transmits this information to the borrowing library. The
system automatically notifies borrowers and lenders when items are overdue, and queries wheth
er items have been received. Loan transactions can be accessed in many ways, including title, au
thor/title, and ILL transaction number (system-supplied). Borrowing libraries can retrieve re
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186 D. Buckle: Network-based interlibrary loan in the international environment
cords by borrower's name or by the library's own assigned ILL serial number. Lenders can retrieve
records by local class number.
ILL is supported by an online Name-Address Directory which provides up-to-date information
on addresses and lending policies of ILL Subsystem users. The ILL Subsystem provides access to
document suppliers such as the British Library Document Supply Center (formerly the British
Library Lending Division), the Center for Research Libraries, the Centre de Prêt at the Biblio
thèque Nationale, University Microfilms International, Chemical Abstracts Service, and the Uni
versal Serials and Book Exchange (USBE). Monthly statistical reports on libraries' borrowing and lending activities are available.
The Online Union Database is a bibliographic resource as well as an interlending tool. The val
ue not only of current cataloguing but also retrospective conversion for world wide resource shar
ing is immense. Perhaps this is particularly so in the areas of printed music and sound recordings which may be rather less represented in traditional national databases. OCLC has a special place in the history of online cataloguing of music. OCLC was the first bibliographic utility to make the
Library of Congress MARC music format available (in 1976) with the Library of Congress only be
ginning distribution of music records in MARC format in 1984. Music librarians have by their ac
tive participation in the various users groups and in particular in the OCLC Music Users Group been instrumental in the building of this area of the database and in the setting of input standards.
OCLC has also been most responsive to the needs of music librarians and I am sure that they would agree that the introduction of the music publisher's number index was an important step for
ward. Statistics show that there are consistently 2-3,000 music publisher number searches perform ed each day making it the fourth most used number search (after OCLC number, LCCN and
ISBN). Statistics are useful and on 11th April 1987 there were in the OCLC database: 440,421 sound
recordings records (2.96 %), and 306,195 music scores (2.08 %). I referred to OCLC's twin resources of its database and network. The international network is
not only important in allowing access to the bibliographic records and holdings information and
the traditional OCLC subsystems such as cataloguing and interlibrary loan but also in its potential for linking databases to create international and supra national databases and networks which will
ultimately provide the infrastructure for an international academic scholarly network to facilitate
resource sharing and information exchange on a global basis. Such plans are not simply realised
and are seldom realisable by one institution or indeed one country. OCLC's international strategy has been developed on the basis of our assessment of library needs in North America, Europe, and elsewhere and have to be tempered by our pragmatic assessment of what may be realised and
what may be delivered through our systems and network architectures. It has also been developed
by working together with other national institutions and organisations with similar goals for mu
tual benefit. OCLC has therefore been sensitive to the importance of language, standards and tra
ditions including existing networks. In addition OCLC has encouraged and fostered and, of
course, adopted the emerging international standards so necessary in addressing an international
library community.
However, the utilisation of interlending systems is only one of the rewards derived from a much
more fundamental and long term activity of international cooperation and exchange of bibliogra
phic data, expertise and the search for standards.
Progress In the Federal Republic of Germany we have entered into an accord with the Deutsches Biblio
theksinstitut to explore ways in which both the library communities we serve may benefit by shar
ing bibliographic and other resources. The usefulness of the OCLC bibliographic resource was
determined by data contributed by seven university and research libraries, which were selected by the Deutsches Bibliotheksinstitut and included the Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, the Library of the Free University of Berlin, the Library of the Technical University of Ber
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D. Buckle: Network-based interlibrary loan in the international environment 187
lin, the University Library of Düsseldorf, the University Library of Heidelberg, the University Li
brary of Tubingen and the University Library of Essen. An evaluation was also conducted in asso
ciation with a number of OCLC member libraries in the United States which accessed the serials
database (Zeitschriftendatenbank) maintained online by the Deutsches Bibliotheksinstitut. The
results of both evaluations have been most encouraging and we look forward to working with the
Deutsches Bibliotheksinstitut now that its Verbund Katalog of Monographs is online to assist in
the large programme of retrospective conversion to be undertaken in the Federal Republic of Ger
many. OCLC has also concluded an agreement with the United States Army libraries in Europe, which has its headquarters in Heidelberg. This online cataloguing service supports 107 libraries
throughout Europe.
An evaluation similar to that conducted at the Deutsches Bibliotheksinstitut was also conduct
ed with PICA (Bibliotheek-Automatisering) in The Netherlands. The libraries participating in cluded the Zeeland Public Library, Middelburg; the Catholic University, Tilburg; Tilburg Public
Library, the Royal Library, the Dutch Bibliography, and Groningen University Library. On aver
age, during the evaluation, about fifty percent of the data searched for was retrieved from the
PICA database. The unsuccessful searches were passed to the OCLC database. Fifty percent of
the titles searched for on the OCLC database resulted in hits, adding in real terms an average of
twenty-five percent more titles retrieved for the participating libraries. Utilizing both the PICA
database and the OCLC database, the libraries on average increased their coverage from 50 % to
75 %, a very significant result. OCLC and PICA are currently negotiating an agreement which
will establish OCLC as the PICA database of secondary resource.
Evaluations undertaken in France are perhaps the most extensive to date. Separate evaluations
were conducted at the Bibliothèque Nationale, at libraries under the responsibility of the Mini
stère de l'Éducation Nationale and the Direction du Livre et de la Lecture. An Accord was conclud
ed between the Ministère de l'Éducation Nationale which resulted in a number of initiatives and
agreements in the Autumn, 1986. An Agreement was concluded with the Bibliothèque Nationale
for the use of the OCLC Interlending Service by the Centre de Prêt. A separate Agreement was
concluded with the Direction du Livre et de la Lecture to undertake an evaluation of the OCLC
database at the Bibliothèque publique de Massy, the Bibliothèque publique de Rouen and the Bi
bliothèque publique d'Information. These evaluations were only recently completed and we
await a report and recommendations from the Direction du Livre et de la Lecture.
Perhaps the most exciting Agreement (about) to be concluded is with the Direction des Biblio
thèques des Musées et de l'Information Scientifique et Technique (DBMIST), to work in associa
tion with L'École Nationale Supérieure des Bibliothèques Serveur Universitaire Nationale pour l'Information Scientifique et Technique (SUNIST), which enables the sixty-five university libra
ries of France to undertake their cataloguing online using the OCLC database and cataloguing
subsystem. During the next five years all these libraries will be brought online. OCLC will provide
all their required catalogue output, will provide machine readable data in support of their local on
line catalogues and will also supply their bibliographic data to SUNIST, which will maintain an on
line union database in France, to be used for resource sharing, particularly interlending. The
initial five year programme requires all of the university libraries to undertake their current cata
loguing online with OCLC, many will also embark on major retrospective conversion program
mes using OCLC's offline conversion service MICROCON.
In Belgium the Université Libre de Bruxelles is also using the OCLC MICROCON Service for
the conversion of their catalogue into machine readable form. This program is one of the largest
conversion projects using our MICROCON Service. Over400,000 titles are expected to be convert
ed within the next three years. The Université Libre de Bruxelles has also recently contracted
with OCLC to use our Reference Service which will enable them to search the OCLC database
online and retrieve data; this will enable the library to gain immediate access to the database in
support of their offline conversion programme.
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188 D. Buckle: Network-based interlibrary loan in the international environment
Similarly, the University of Barcelona has concluded an Agreement to embark upon an exten
sive retrospective conversion programme. Initially the University Library is processing off-line
using the MICROCON service. It expects to start current catalogue processing online within the
next few months. In Portugal the National Library has an extensive library automation pro
gramme under development. At the centre of this programme is the catalogue of the National Li
brary which it proposes to convert into machine readable form. This machine readable database
is envisaged as the national resource for the conversion of the catalogues of the major public libra
ries and the university libraries in Portugal. OCLC is in the process of establishing a six months
evaluation of its database by the National Library. The National Library plans to establish an in
itial machine readable database online some time early in 1988.
In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland forty academic and research libraries cur
rently utilise the OCLC bibliographic database. These include The British Library; twenty Univer
sity Libraries, which include five of the consortium of University Research Libraries (CURL), the Universities of Oxford, Manchester, Leeds, Glasgow and Edinburgh, thirteen college libraries
and six corporate libraries. OCLC works closely with the British Library Document Supply
Centre, which uses our Interlending System, to both make and receive requests. We also work
closely with the British Library Research and Development Department Jointly appraising research
programs and jointly funding some of those programs. We similarly work with the British Library
Bibliographic Services Division in the exchange of MARC data. OCLC has a growing relations
hip with the regional library bureaux in the United Kingdom. OCLC has been invited to partici
pate in the British Library funded VISCOUNT project which is managed by LASER (London and the South Eastern Region) and which includes the National Library of Scotland, the British
Library Document Supply Centre, the North-West Regional Library Bureau and the South-West
Regional Library Bureau. The project will determine the feasibility of establishing a national on
line interlending system in the United Kingdom. The OCLC database is being evaluated as a se
condary resource.
OCLC is also working with the Vatican Library in determining how to assist them to convert
some of their rare and rich collections into machine readable form. OCLC is conducting an evalua
tion of the MICROCON service at the Vatican Lilbrary to assist them in converting their more re
cent acquisitions and to enable them to build a machine readable database for their recently acquir ed online local library system.
In the Scandinavian countries OCLC is at different stages in establishing working relationships with libraries. In Sweden we have concluded an Agreement with Bibliotheksjanst AB (BTJ) to
enable them to utilise the OCLC database online. BTJ serves the public and school lilbraries of
Sweden, it uses the OCLC database as a reference resource and authority file. As you well know
the University, College and Research Libraries in Sweden are served by a national network and bib
liographic database which is managed by LIB RIS. LIBRIS has recently agreed to participate is
an evaluation of the OCLC database. The evaluation will be conducted at a number of university libraries over a period of six months. The intention of this evaluation, like others in Europe, is to
determine the value of the OCLC database as a secondary resource. Similar evaluations are plan ned in Denmark, Norway and Iceland. In Denmark the State and University Library (Statsbiblio
teket) at Aarhus is already regularly using the OCLC Interlending System as do libraries in Finland.
An increasing number of library schools in Europe are accessing the OCLC systems and data
base for teaching purposes. This service is part of OCLC's educational program which may be used
by the library schools free of any OCLC charges. There are therefore a wide variety of ways in which
libraries in Europe perceive their interest in and ambition to work in partnership with the library communities of the United States and to share and utilise their respective rich bibliographic resour ces. OCLC merely acts as a conduit to achieve their goals. I am confident that significant mutual benefit will result from an association between these library communities. I am certain that the results of the evaluations conducted by OCLC will demonstrate the validity of that confidence. The future that all these library communities look forward to is, I think, exciting. OCLC with its
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M. Bliss: Indexing policy a t RILM 189
long experience and emphasis on research as a not-for-profit organisation will offer an increasingly attractive range of products and services to its international membership. The New OCLC Online
System and Network; the introduction this year of CD-ROM based products and our development of electronic publishing and document delivery systems for the future are, I believe, the founda
tions for a vast international collaborative information service for scholars and researchers that
will go far beyond bibliographic processing and interlibrary lending and borrowing, but this is a
subject for future discussion.
Indexing policy at RILM - present perspectives and future prospects* Marilyn Bliss (RILM International Office New York)*
The RILM index incorporates an author and a subject index. The author index is automatically generated, the subject index is not; terms are selected from the RILM Thesaurus, which provides controlled subject ac
cess. New terms are added if it is felt that a topic is not adequately treated, or not easily found. RILM is also
available via the online Lockheed DIALOG database, which uses free text and boolean searching techniques. Different search strategies are used for the printed index and the online index.
Abstracts about non-European cultures take longer to index than others, due to undefined and unfamiliar
terminology. It is helpful, therefore, if the abstractors in such areas can supply clarification and explanatory notes for names of composers, instruments, manuscripts, etc. to assist the non-specialist. In each succeeding RILM volume, more information is contained about non-European cultures.
Introduction
RILM Abstracts of Music Literature has recently completed its 15 th volume of yearly compila tions of significant literature published on music. Coverage has grown tremendously
— from 2532
abstracts in Volume I to 6742 abstracts in Volume XV. RILM's third cumulative index, covering vo
lumes XI-XV, must provide access to over 31,000 abstracts of material as wide-ranging as the
world of music itself. This paper will explain RILM's indexing process and philosophy, compare search techniques between the printed index and the DIALOG database, and especially explore
indexing of material outside of the mainstream of European culture.
Components of the printed RILM Index
The RILM index incorporates two types of indexes; the author index and the subject index.
These two indexes are generated separately and merged in the fourth issue of each volume. The
author index is automatically generated and includes the following: authors of books, articles, dis
sertations, etc.; editors and translators; reviewers; and composers, when a musical edition is pre
sented or reviewed. After automatic generation and alphabetization, the author index is proofread
for possible mistakes or inconsistencies, such as the use of initials instead of full given names.
These inconsistencies are then resolved using RILM's previously accumulated information in
combination with appropriate primary source materials. The second, and much more problematic,
index is the subject index. This is not a computer-generated index. Each term included in the
subject index is chosen by the indexer in accordance with indexing policy as outlined in the RILM
English-language thesaurus.
: Paper given at a meeting of the Project Group on Classification & Indexing in Amsterdam, June 1987.
Marilyn bliss is inaex t-cutor 01 kilm ADsiracis.
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