Post on 30-Apr-2020
transcript
Automation in Agricultural Field Production
S.A. Shearer
Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering
2
Fendt 1050 Vario (396 to 517 hp) - MAN 12.7 L
First fixed-frame tractor over 500 hp!
http://farmindustrynews.comhttp://www.used-fendt-tractors.com
3
New Holland T9 700 SmarTrax II (682 hp)
4
Trends in Ballasted Tractor Weight
5
Grain cart technology?
6
Grain Cart Considerations
500 bu.
2,000 bu.
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0S
ys
tem
Ha
rve
st
Ca
pa
cit
y (
mT
/h)
Grain Cart Capacity (mT)
Class 7 Class 9 Class 10 Class 12
7
Grain Cart Compaction
Wheeled - 96,000 lbsEqualizer - 104,800 lbs
8
Tracks, tracks, tracks…
(Source: oemoffhighway.com)
(Source: northernequipment.ca)
(Source: bourgault.com)
9
Yield Map Resolution Enhancement
Yield Map Adjusted Map
Yield (bu/ac)
Visible V12
10
How big is too big?
http://www.bauerbuiltmfg.com/db-series-planters.html
11
Planter Field Efficiency
Source: Taylor, R.K., M.D. Schrock and S.A. Staggenborg. 2001. Using GPS Technology to Assist
Machinery Management Decisions. Meeting Paper MC01-204, Mid-Central Conference of the ASAE.
12
How fast is too fast?
13
How fast is too fast?
14
How fast is too fast?
15
Off-Highway Emissions – DPF and DEF
http://www.doosaninfracore.comhttp://www.doosaninfracore.com
16
Global Emission Regulations
17
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
0 1000 2000 3000
Tech
no
log
y C
ost
($)
Hours of Use
Analysis for 157 kW Tractor(33% Depreciation Rate)
Te
ch
no
log
y
Dep
rec
iati
on
Generation
Interval
Mechanical Life and Technical Obsolescence
18
Mechanical Life vs. Technical Obsolescence
Modern Agricultural Tractor
• An 8R coming out of Waterloo should have a mechanical life of
20,000 h.
• In the Midwest this tractor will likely be used 500 h/yr.
• Mechanical life of the tractor might exceed 40 yrs.
Smart Phone
• Apple iPhone history: 1st Generation - 2007; 3G - 2008; 3GS -
2009; 4 - 2010; 4S – 2011; 5 – 2012; 5C and 5S – 2013; 6 and
6+ 2014; 6S and 6S+ - 2015; and SE – 2016.
• Which model do most people carry today?
• What is “expected life” of an iPhone?
19
7R and 8R - Bread and Butter (35% Margin)
(Source: www.deere.com)
7210R - 210 hp
7230R - 230 hp
7250R - 250 hp
7270R - 270 hp
7290R - 290 hp
7310R - 310 hp
8245R - 245 hp
8270R - 270 hp
8295R - 295 hp
8320R - 320 hp
8345R - 345 hp
8370R - 370 hp
8400R - 400 hp
20
Hybrid Placement
• 24 bits per pixel
• 2.5 cm/pixel
• 17.2 MB/ac of image data
• 4.9 kB/plant (corn)/yr
• If 35,000 plants/acre (corn)
• 429 GB for 2,500 acres
• 10 x data rate
21
Late Season N Application – Yield 360
22
See and Spray - Blue River Technology
https://www.wired.com
23
(Source: http://www.cleanseedcapital.com/index.html)
Biological Controls – Clean Seed
25
Verizon 4G and 5G Availability
26
http://www.masomagroup.com
http://www.womp-int.com
Automation in Other Sectors
http://futurehumanevolution.com
http://readwrite.com
27
Collision Avoidance Sensing
Velodyne LiDAR• 100 m Range
• 300,000 pts/s
• 360° Horizontal FOV
• ± 15° Vertical FOV
ASI Forecast 3D Laser• Vertical spinning function
grants a planar LiDAR
sensor
• Sick LMS 511
• 40 m at 10% rem, 80 m at
40%, 190 degree FOV
O3M 3D Smart
Sensor
IR Illumination
Unit
ifm’s PMD Time-Of-Flight Collision Detection
(http://www.ifm.com/)
28
CNH Industrial and ASI Team Up
29
ASI Mobius Solution
https://www.asirobots.com/platforms/mobius/
30
Tx-Message frame
Unique ID Destination ID States Time stamp Status
1 2,3 (x1+b,y1,ө1,v1),(x1+b,y1-L,ө1,v1) t1 1,0
Onboard-message frame
Unique ID States Status Time stamp
2 x1,y1,ө1,v1 1 t1
Rx-message frame
Unique ID Source ID States Time stamp Status
2 1 (x1+b,y1,ө1,v1) t1 1
Onboard-message frame
Unique ID States Status Time stamp
2 x2,y2,ө2,v2 1 t2
Rx-message frame
Unique ID Source ID States Time stamp Status
3 1 (x1+b,y1-L,ө1,v1) t1 0
Onboard-message frame
Unique ID States Status Time stamp
3 x3,y3,ө3,v3 1 t3
CMS database
Unique IDStates Status
Time
stamp
1 x1,y1,ө1,v1 1 t1
2 x2,y2,ө2,v2 1 t2
3 x3,y3,ө3,v3 1 t3
Tx Rx
CMS
Broadcast
Broadcast
Broadcast
Grain Harvester Robot (GHR)
Grain Wagon Robot I (GWR I)
Grain Wagon Robot II (GWR II)Combine
Tx
Rx
Grain Cart II
Tx
Rx
Tx Rx
CMS
b
LGrain Cart I
Tx
Implicit Communication
Broadcasting
Explicit Communication
Point to Point (Continuous)
Point to Multipoint (Continuous)
Rx
Transmit
Receive
Multiple Machine Control Architecture
31
Multiple Machine Control Architecture
32
Harvard Business Review
“How Smart, Connected Products Are Transforming Competition”
by M.E. Porter and J.E. Heppelmann
33
Future of Field Production
34
Level of Autonomy
35
Sensor Densification vs. Human Operators
36
Controls Development
Control Hardware• Onboard Microcontroller - Arduino
Mega 2560 and Raspberry Pi
with Ethernet for control and
communications interface
• Wireless Communications –
Ubiquiti Networks Rocket M
radios, AirMAX Sector antennas
and UniFi video cameras
• Command Center – Dell T7810
Precision Workstation (Dual Intel
Xeon Processor E5-2687W)
37
Autonomous Tractor Form Factor
38
SwarmFarm - Australia
39
Acquiring Farm Machinery Services
Source: https://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/crops/html/a3-21.html
40
Supply Chain Logistics
41
Break-Even Investment Cost for Intelligent,
Autonomous Tractors (Shockley, et al.)
43
Gartner Hype Curves
44
A few closing thoughts…
• Preferred approach will be supervised autonomy.
• Low-power vehicles will minimize liability (< 50 kW).
• Alleviation of soil compaction likely to drive the adoption of autonomous vehicles (< 3,500 kg).
• Symmetry in field power unit design will simplify manufacturing (flat bed laser, tube laser and
robotic welding)
• Expect a resurgence in spark ignition engines -- emissions and mechanical life will drive
adoption.
• Obsolescence and mechanical life should coincide (5,000 h life or, 5 to 7 cropping seasons).
• Parts inventory and service will be provided via service trucks, minimizing the need for
dealerships.
• True machine intelligence and coordination remain elusive.
• New business models will challenge traditional agriculture – lease, contract farming and
logistics services!
45
Questions?