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NEW METODS FOR THE DETECTION OF PLASMA LAYERS
IN THE IONOSPHERE DURING RADIO OCCULTATION
A. L. Gavrik, Y. A. Gavrik, T. F. KopninaKotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, Fryazino, Russia, alg248@ire216.msk.su
ИКИ РАН10…14. 10.2011 г.
The second Moscow Solar System Symposium (2M-S3)
Moons of planets Moscow 2011
Dual frequency VENERA-15,-16 occultation (4 & 1 GHz or 8 & 32 см) Схема двухчастотного радиопросвечивания
The electron densityof daytime Venusian
ionosphere
N(h), см-3
Measured refraction attenuationsinduced by daytime
Ionosphere and
atmosphere
ХСМ ХDМ
8 см 32 см
Measured residual
frequency in the ionosphere
and atmosphere
fDМ
32 смThe time of occultation
2 … 20 minutes
atmosphere
Radio rays to the Earth
ionosphere
The theory of occultation experiments is based on integral equations
that relate the electron density N(h) to the measured characteristics
of radio signals.
Mariner-5 2
Mariner-10 2
Pioneer-Venus 441
Венера-15,16 155
Magellan 20
Venus-Express >120
Венера-9,-10 34
Число солнечных пятен(Wolf number)
Год
Количество сеансов радиопросвечиванияКоличество сеансов радиопросвечивания ~800 (number of occultations)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100 102 103 104 105 102 103 104 105 102 103 104 105 102 103 104 105
Alt
itu
de,
к
м
Electron density, см-3
Altitude distributions N(h) of the electron densities in the Venus day-time ionosphere
Распределения электронной концентрации N(h) в дневной ионосфере Венеры
12.10.83г. 560
20.03.84г. 520
23.09.84г. 610
Coincidenceof N(h) forsome days
09.09.84г. 820
12.10.83г. 810
30.10.83г. 820
Time-to-timevariability
14.10.83г. 820
12.10.83г. 810
28.03.84г. 820
Coincidence of N(h) for
some days
19.09.84г. 560
14.10.83г. 580
20.09.84г. 550
Time-to-time variability
102 103 104 105 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
102 103 104 105
about the bottom ionosphere.
We can see discrepancies between the model and calculated N(h). The error can be greater than the actual value of N(h) at altitudes of h < 120 km.
That is why we can see the bottom boundary of the ionosphere at altitude of h = 117 km on the experimental profile N(h). But the real influence of ionospheric plasma is observed up to 85 km in the occultation data.
The traditional method to determine N(h) leads to wrong conclusions
Model N(h)
Calculation N(h)
Calculation N(h)
N(h)VENERA-1525.10.1983 г.
bottom part of the
ionosphere
Alt
itu
de,
k
m
Electron density, сm-3 Refraction attenuation
Alti
tude
, km
Temperature, K
В области высот 80 < h < 120 kmметодом радиопросвечивания не
определяется точно температура атмосферы.
In the field of heights 80 < h < 120 km
it is impossible to define atmosphere temperature
precisely.
VENUS-EXPRESSM. Pätzold et al.
)t(F)t(fdt
d
Vf
Lc1)t(X
2
The following new result is obtained from p(t), (t), X(t) :
1
)t(dpd
L1 )t(X
)t(F)t(fVfc
)t(
),t(L)t(H )t(p
∫⊥
i
222
H
pr
dr fp
eV
c f m 2)p(N
The well-known relationshipsThe ray asymptote distance Н – the altitude of straight-line ray The refractive bending angle Δf – residual frequency in the ionosphere ΔF – residual frequency in the atmosphere
The refraction attenuation L – the distance between the spacecraft and point V
┴ – the velocity of the satellite’s ingress
The electron density f – the radiated frequency (1 GHz)
Variations of the defocusing attenuation X(t) in the occultation experiments are proportional to the velocity of residual frequency changes.
It is necessary to determine same parameters from the experimental data:
XDM(t) - the refraction attenuations of L-band (32 cm) signal.
XCM(t) - the refraction attenuations of C-band ( 8 cm) signal.
δf(t) = 16/15 (fDM(t) - fCM(t)/4) - the reduced frequency difference (plasma influence).
Δf(t) = function [δf(t)] - frequency variation of L-band (32 cm) signal.
XΔf (t) = 1 + value*d/dt[Δf(t)] - predicted refraction attenuation of the L-band signal.
Coincidence between variations of refraction attenuationof the radio signal XDM(t) and variations XΔf (t)
will be indicative of the influence of the regular structuresof the ionosphere under investigation.
The absence of this correspondence is an indication of the influence of the noise or other factors that are not taken into account.
This method considerably increased the sensitivity of the radio probing method to refractive index variations and makes possible to detect small variations in electron density.
New method provides a possibility to distinguish the effect of plasma and to detect the ionized layers during occultation.
This technique will allow one to investigate wave processes in the top atmosphere and the bottom ionosphere.
We observed wave processes in the top atmosphere and bottom ionosphere of Venus.
25 50 75 100 125
Refraction attenuation of a DМ-signal in the atmosphere
Refraction attenuation of a CМ-signal in the atmosphere
layered structure in the atmosphere
Correlation between the powers of DM- and CM-signals due to the wavestructure
Refraction attenuation in the ionospherecalculated from the frequency of a DМ-signal
Хдм and Хf are different in the atmosphere
Х
1
0
Layers in the bottom ionosphere:correlation between ХDМ and Хf
Altitude of the spacecraft-to-Earth straight line h, km
A variations of refraction attenuation of DM signal
coincide with calculated data Х∆f(t)
in the day-time ionosphere of Venus.
Altitude of spacecraft-Earth straight-line h, км
The
ref
ract
ion
atte
nuat
ion,
Х
Two layers night-time ionosphere
Venera-15,-16Gavrik A. et al.
A variations of refraction attenuation of DM signal
coincide with calculated data Х∆f(t)
in the night-time ionosphere of Venus.
bottomionosphere
One layer night-time ionosphere
Two layers night-time ionosphere
L1 – the distance between the first spacecraft and point of ray closest to the surface of planet.L2 – the distance between the second spacecraft and point of ray closest to the surface of planet.
The method is correct for high-precision measurements
of signal power and phase during dual frequency radio
sounding.
This method can be extended to occultation experimentSatellite → Satellite
21
21
2
LL
LLL
)t(fdt
d
Vf
Lc1)t(X
Realization of informative experiments requires the development of a good on-board receiver.
Small frequency fluctuations in the occultation experiments VENERA-15,-16 → Earthachieved by the high output transmitter power (100 W) and large diameter (>2m) on-board antenna.
In these occultation experiments GPS → CHAMP
we can see very high frequency fluctuations.
http://isdc.gfz-potsdam.de
plasma influence
ВЕНЕРА-16 → Земля
λ = 32 см, Δt = 0.058 s
λ = 19 см, Δt = 0.02 s
GPS → CHAMP
invalid measurements (little signal/noise)
Res
idua
l f
requ
ency
,
Hz
Altitude of radio ray straight line h, km
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2000
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
0
1
2
3
4
If we choose a very long measurement interval Δt, then the effects of focusing of a signal and layered structures will not manifest themselves.
Altitude of radio ray straight line h, km
The
ref
ract
ion
atte
nuat
ion,
Х
Δt = 0.06 s
Δt = 0.11 s
Δt = 0.23 s
Δt = 0.47 s
The method gives correct results for high-precision measurements during dual frequency radio sounding.Invalid
data(little S/N)
High S / N ratio can be achieved if emit powerful coherent radio signals from Earth.
In this case, at the same time we can perform six radio physical experiments,in addition to the work of other onboard devices.
High S / N ratio give the possibility of obtaining new information concerning the structure of the planetary ionospheres and atmospheres.
radar experiment
bistatic radar experiment
Interplanetary plasma on the two separated tracks Earth → OA and Earth → SS
ОА SS
Two-frequency radio sounding of the ionosphere
Two-frequency radio sounding of the atmosphere
sign
als
to
th
e E
Ts…
C o n c l u s i o n s
We have shown that the new methods proposed make it possible to carry out high-quality analysis of the planetary ionospheres and atmospheres during dual-frequency occultation experiments.
There are a few conditions for this investigation:
1. High-precision phase measurements.
2. High-precision power measurements with the necessary dynamic range.
3. All the measurements should be carried out within a short time interval.
Спасибо за внимание Thank you for attention
Работа выполнена при частичной поддержке программы Президиума РАН №VI.15