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8/3/2019 NHA2 - Morphology Morphemes
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Morphemes: definition, characteristics, classification by meaning: bases/roots
and affixes Teacher
Classification by form: free and bound morphemes Teacher
Derivational and inflectional morphemes: definition, differences Group 1
Derivational and inflectional paradigms Group 1
Immediate constituents Group 2
Allomorphs: definition, selection: phonologically and morphologically
conditioned allomorphs, and types: additive, replacive, subtractive,
suppletive, zero allomorphs
Group 3
Words: definition, characteristics, classification: simple, complex, compound
words Group 4
Words: processes of word formation: clipping, blending, acronymy,
compounding Group 5
Words: processes of word formation: derivation, back-formation Group 5
Revision for Midterm test Teacher
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Word classes: definition – classification: form classes Group 6
Word classes: classification: structure classes Group 6
Word classes: classification: positional classes Group 7
Phrases: definition-classification: noun, adjective phrases Group 8
Open and closed pre-nominal and post-nominal modifiers Group 8
Phrases: classification: verb phrase Group 9
Phrases: classification: adverb, prepositional phrases
Group 9Clauses: structure and functions of phrases: object, complement, adjunct Group 10
Clauses: Functions of phrases: subject and verb Group 10
Clauses: 7 types Group 11
Clauses: dependent and independent clauses Group 11
Sentences: definition and classification: simple, compound, complex
sentences Teacher
Tree diagrams Teacher
Revision for final exam Teacher
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I> Morphology
• “the study of morphemes and their
different forms (allomorphs), and the waythey combine in word formation”.
[Richards, J.C. et all, 1992:237]
E.g.: un- + happy + -ly = unhappily
(neg. prefix+happy+adv-forming suffix: 3morphemes)
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• “The branch of grammar which studies the
structure of words. It is generally divided
into inflectional morphology, the study ofinflections, and lexical or derivationalmorphology, the study of word formation.
Morphology contrasts with syntax, thecombination of words into sentences”.
E.g.: *over- +work + -ed = overworked
(derivational prefix+work+inflectional suffix:3 morphemes)
*omnibus bus (clipping)
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Linguistics
Phonology(sound
systems)
Morphology(word
Structure)
Syntax(sentencestructure)
Semantics(meaning)
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II> MorphemesII.1> Definition-Characteristics
• “The smallest meaningful unit in a language”.• “A morpheme is a short segment of language that
meets 3 criteria:
1. It is a word, or a part of a word that has meaning.
2. It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful partswithout violation of its meaning or withoutmeaningless remainders.
3. It recurs in different verbal environments with arelatively stable meaning.”
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• E.g: *friend:
-has meaning: “one attached to another by respect or affection”
-by dividing „friend‟ we get a smaller meaningful unit „end‟,but its meaning violates the meaning of „friend‟. Theremainder /fri-/ is meaningless.
-recurs in different verbal environments: befriend, friendly,friendless, friendship, friendliness, unfriendly
‟friend‟ is a morpheme
*weaken:
-means „make sth become (weaker)‟
- cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts withoutviolation of its meaning or without meaninglessremainders.
-recurs in different verbal environments: darken, cheapen,soften, sharpen,…
„-en‟ is a morpheme
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II.2> ClassificationII.2.1> By form: Free & bound
II.2.1.1> Free morpheme- „A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with
meaning‟ - „can be used on its own‟ - „may stand alone as words in their own right, as well as
enter into the structure of other words‟
- E.g.: king, dream, act, planeII.2.1.2> Bound morpheme
- „A bound morpheme, unlike free, cannot be uttered alonewith meaning. It is always annexed to one or moremorphemes to form a word‟
- „is never used alone but must be used with another morpheme‟
- „may occur only if they combine with another morpheme‟ - E.g.: kingdom, dreamed, react, aquaplane
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II.2.2> By meaning: Bases/roots &
affixesII.2.2.1> Bases/roots/heads/central morphemes -„A base morpheme is the part of a word that has the
principal meaning‟
E.g.: lighten, infamous- Bases are very numerous
- most of them are free morphemes, but some are
boundE.g.: remarry, keeper, audience, reject
FM FM BM BM
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II.2.2.1.a> Free bases
II.2.2.1.b> Bound bases
• Free base: is a base „which may be a word on itsown right once the other morphemes have beenstripped away‟
• Bound base: is a base (i.e. it is the basic part of aword and has the principal meaning) which cannever occur on its own but can only be joined toother bound morphemes.
• E.g.: work, works, worker, overworkFB FB FB FB
• recur, immortal, pendant, portable
BB „run‟, BB „dead‟, BB „hang‟, BB „carry‟
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Bases><Stems• A base is any unit whatsoever to which affixes of
any kind can be added. The affixes attached to abase may be inflectional affixes selected forsyntactic reasons or derivational affixes which alterthe meaning or grammatical category of the base.
• The stem is that part of a word that is in existencebefore any inflectional affixes have been added.
E.g.: -girls, girlhood: girl is a base
-dogs, workers, happier: dog, worker, happy arestems
All roots are bases. Bases are called stems only inthe context of inflectional morphology
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II.2.2.2> Affixes
II.2.2.2> Affixes-are outlying morphemes, i.e. are always bound
morphemes and can come before, in the middle of,or after a base; can be added to a base or to each
other and change the meaning or grammaticalfunction of a word which they are attached to.
-E.g.: deurbanized
urban : FB
de-, -ize, -d: affixes
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II.2.2.2.a> By position: Prefixes, infixes &suffixes
• Prefixes: bound morphemes which occur before abase, e.g.: unkind, untrue , unreliable : un- is aprefix.
• Suffixes: bound morphemes which occur right after abase or after “the construction consisting of a base
plus one or more (either free or bound) morphemes”
• teacher = teach + -er : FB + suffix
• audible = audi + -ible: BB + suffix
• teachers = teacher + -s = teach + -er + -s
: FB + suffix + suffix
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• Infixes: bound morphemes that have been insertedwithin a word; are rare in English
• 2 kinds: addition & replacement (more common)
• Addition:
account + for + able=accountable („for‟ is dropped)
un+get+at+able = ungetable („at‟ is dropped)
rely+on+able = reliable („on‟ is dropped) • Replacement: few noun plurals
goosegeese: -ee- replaces –oo-
mousemice: -i- replaces –ou-more often past tense & past participles of verbs
taketooktaken
ringrangrung
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II.2.2.2.b> By function: Inflectional & derivationalaffixes
• Inflectional affixes: suffixes which are added to wordand change it according to grammatical rules; also calledgrammatical morphemes.
• Finch (2000: 105): 8 inflections of three groups: -Verb inflections • past tense: ed (attack + ed)
• past participle: ed (attack + ed)• present participle: ing (attack + ing)• third person singular present tense : s (attack + s) -Noun inflections • plural : s (dog + s)• possessive : ‟s, s‟ (dog + ‟s, dog + s‟) -Adjective/ Adverb inflections • comparative: er (large + er)• superlative: est (large +est)
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• Derivational affixes: affixes which are added to otherwords or morphemes and can change the meaning andthe word class of the ones which they are attached to.
• can create new dictionary items; are also called lexicalmorphemes.
• 2 types:
- Class-maintaining derivational affixes: do not make any
changes in grammatical class of the words or morphemeswith which they are connected. Most of pre-fixes are ofthis type, e.g. ab normal, bi cycle, co operate,dis advantage, im mortal , etc. Suffixes can also bederivationals, e.g. Israel ite , steward ess , mile age , etc.
- Class-changing derivational affixes: cause changes ingrammatical class of the words to which they get attach.Most of suffixes but few prefixes are of this type, e.g.admir able , beaut ify , broad en , train ee , self ish , en rich
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III> ExercisesI> Analyze the following words into their constituents,
naming each one1. Undecided2. Impenetrability3. Uninteresting
4. Disestablished5. Devolution6. Reintroduction
7. Revengeful8. Fatality9. Makes10. Wallflowers
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ANSWER KEY
1. Undecided: {un-}: DP; {decide}: FB; {-ed}: DS2. Impenetrability: {-im}: DP; {penetr-}: BB; {-ate}: DS(v); {-able}:
DS; {-ity}: DS3. Uninteresting: {un-}: DP; {interest}: FB(n); {-ing}: DS4. Disestablished: {dis-}: DP; {establish}: FB(v); {-ed}: DS5. Devolution: {devolve}: FB(v); {-tion}: DS6. Reintroduction: {re-}: DP; {introduce}: FB(v); {-tion}: DS7. Revengeful: {revenge}: FB(n); {-ful}: DS8. Fatality: {fate}: FB(n); {-al}: DS(adj); {-ity}: DS9. Makes: {make}: FB; {-s}: IS (3rd person singular present
tense)
10. Wallflowers: {wall}: FB; {flower}: FB; {-s}: IS (noun plural)
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II> Identify the meaning of the bound
base in each of the following words, &then give as many words with the same
BB as you can
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1 revise -vise=„see‟ supervise,….. 2 contradict
3 regress
4 intervene
5 recur
6
inspect7 oppose
8 rodent
9
portable10 rupture
11 annual
12 bigamy
i „ ‟ d i i ibl i i l i i i ibili i l
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1 revise-vise=„see‟ devise,visible,visionary,television,visibility, visual,
supervise,etc
2 contradict -dict=„say‟dictate,dictator,dictation,diction,dictum,contradiction,contradictory,contradict
orily3 regress -gress=„go‟
regressive,regression,progress,progressive,progression,egress,ingress
4 intervene -vene=„come‟ convene,contravene,supervene
5 recur -cur=„run‟ recurrence,current,occur,currency
6 inspect -spect=„look‟ spectacle,prospect,perspective,prospectus
7 oppose -pose=„place/put‟ depose,propose,deposit,impose
8 rodent -rod=„gnaw‟ erode,erosion,erosive
9 portable -port=„carry‟ deport,transport,portage
10 rupture -rupt=„break‟ erupt,abrupt,corrupt,interrupt
11 annual -ann=„year‟ annuity,annuitant,anniversary
12 bigamy -gamy=„marriage‟ polygamy,polygamous,monogamy,monogamous,bigamous
1 i
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1 revise -vise=„see‟ devise,visible,visionary,television,visibility, visual,supervise,etc
2 contradict -dict= „say‟ dictate,dictator,dictation,diction,dictum,contradiction,contradictory,contradictorily
3 regress -gress=„go‟ regressive,regression,progress,progressive,progression,egre
ss,ingress4 intervene -vene=„come‟ convene,contravene,supervene
5 recur -cur=„run‟ recurrence,current,occur,currency
6 inspect -spect=„look‟ spectacle,prospect,perspective,prospectus
7 oppose -pose=„place/put‟ depose,propose,deposit,impose
8 rodent -rod=„gnaw‟ erode,erosion,erosive
9 portable
-port=„carry‟ deport,transport,portage
10
rupture -rupt=„break‟ erupt,abrupt,corrupt,interrupt
11
annual -ann=„year‟ annuity,annuitant,anniversary
12 Bigamy -gamy=„marriage‟ polygamy, polygamous,monogamy,monogamous,bigamous