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NIGERIA
Josh
Korn
Becca
Weinstein
Marryanne
Auld
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Educated as a teacherBecame a politician & elected to Northern
Regions House of Assembly(1947)And Federal House of Representatives
Founder of Northern People’s CongressFirst prime minister of Nigeria
Will be assassinated in1966 military coup
1912-1966
Benjamin Namidi Azikiwe
1904-1996•1953- Leader of Nigeria’s Eastern region.
•1960-Governonr-General
•1963-Became first and only ceremonial president
•Well educated in American Universities
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Independence
October First, 1960
•1901-Nigeria became a British Protectorate
•1914-Birtian allowed some self-governing
•1947-Britian gave Nigerian’s a higher authority
•1951-New constitution providing representation for a regional basis
•1954-New constitution dividing Nigeria into three regions
•Oct. 1, 1960- became and independent country
The Future
•1966-Military coup over throws new gov.
•1966-1976-Their will be a succession of military coup’s
•1979-1983-A second republic forms
1999-A new constitution will be formed
Nigerias position on
Pan-Africanism•Nigeria is a place naturally abundant with many resources such as rubber,cocoa, and oil
•During the Biafran conflict, Nigeria will strongly oppose secession
Nigeria opposes a unified Africa in order to keeps its resources for itself
•The war with Biafra will show that Nigeria wants to keep itself as one
Bibliographywww.cenbank.org/currencymgt/blodata/Alhaji%20Z
www.dawodu.com/balewa2.jpgwww.stoveco.com/Nigeria
www.rss.co.ZAwww.crwflags.com/fotw/ima/ges/h/ng-blaf.gif
www.cia.govwww.nigeria.com
KenyaKenya
As presented by Greg, Mike, and Jessica
As presented by Greg, Mike, and Jessica
Kenyan LanguageKenyan Language
•Official Kenyan language is English
•Practiced language among locals is KiswahiliGovernment uses Swahili as well, but English is official language
Pan-AfricanismPan-Africanism
• Kenya in favor of a united Africa as a way to end colonialism and gain independence
• Pan-Africanism would provide Kenya and all of Africa with numerous economic benefits
• Kenya in favor of a united Africa as a way to end colonialism and gain independence
• Pan-Africanism would provide Kenya and all of Africa with numerous economic benefits
Kenyan IndependenceKenyan Independence
• Kenya will be independent December 12th of this year, 1963
• Independence campaign led by Jomo Kenyatta
• Kenyatta imprisoned in 1952 under the British state of emergency because of his role in the fight for independence
• December 12, 1963 Kenyatta becomes first prime minister of independent Kenya
• Kenya will be independent December 12th of this year, 1963
• Independence campaign led by Jomo Kenyatta
• Kenyatta imprisoned in 1952 under the British state of emergency because of his role in the fight for independence
• December 12, 1963 Kenyatta becomes first prime minister of independent Kenya
Kenya-EconomyKenya-Economy
• The per capita income in 2004 was $480• The poverty reached over 56% in 2003• The GNI (gross national income) was 15.5
billion
• The per capita income in 2004 was $480• The poverty reached over 56% in 2003• The GNI (gross national income) was 15.5
billion
Kenya TodayThe avrage life expectancy at birth is 45.4 years
BibliographyBibliography• Web Recourseshttp://kenya.rcbowen.com/government/kenyatta.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1952kenyatta-kau1.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter8.shtml
• Web Recourseshttp://kenya.rcbowen.com/government/kenyatta.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1952kenyatta-kau1.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter8.shtml
GHANAGHANAAnd its road to
independence
And its road to
independence
By: Alex, Helen ,
and Lisa
Born in Nkroful, Gold Coast as Francis Nwia Kofi Ngonloma
Earned Masters of Science in education and Master of Arts in Philosophy
Elected president of the African Students Organization of America and Canada
Dr. Kwame Nkrumah
Pan-africanismPan-africanism
Since Ghana was the first country to earn independence, Dr. Nkrumah urged others to do the same
Ghana wanted to help end all colonial rule and make Africa independent from foreign control
Ghana wants to make a unified Africa, a common nation-state for all Africans
Since Ghana was the first country to earn independence, Dr. Nkrumah urged others to do the same
Ghana wanted to help end all colonial rule and make Africa independent from foreign control
Ghana wants to make a unified Africa, a common nation-state for all Africans
“Long may the links between Africa and the peoples of African descent continue to hold us together in fraternity.”
-Dr. Kwame Nkrumah
Pan-AfricanismOur Opinion
We support independence but disagree with Ghana’s position on Pan-Africanism
Ghana is a strong nation on its own, supporting Africa with our resources would weaken our economical status
Africa would be a stronger continent if each nation learned to independently support themselves
Ghana was formerly called The Gold Coast
1471- the Portuguese settled in the Gold Cost
1482 -Portuguese traders built Elmina Castle
other Europeans began to trade with the natives
Imperialism
1642- Portuguese traders left the Gold Coast British became the dominant power
1844- British protectorate arranged
IndependenceIndependence
1930’s-Communists stirred discontent through Ghana
Post WWII-Ghanaians protested imperialism inspired by other countries’ efforts
1947-First Ghanaian political party formed 1948-Watson commission recommended drafting of
constitution to prelude self-rule 1949-Coussey Committee Report-mechanisms for
inclusion of Africans in government 1951-Constitution drafted 1954-General elections
1930’s-Communists stirred discontent through Ghana
Post WWII-Ghanaians protested imperialism inspired by other countries’ efforts
1947-First Ghanaian political party formed 1948-Watson commission recommended drafting of
constitution to prelude self-rule 1949-Coussey Committee Report-mechanisms for
inclusion of Africans in government 1951-Constitution drafted 1954-General elections
Independence: 3/6/1957
Name changed to Ghana at independence
1st Sub-Saharan African country to gain independence
Independence
1951-Constitution drafted
BibliographyBibliography
http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/independence.php
http://www.greatepicbooks.com/epics/november97.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1961nkrumah.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana http://www.ghana.co.uk/
http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/independence.php
http://www.greatepicbooks.com/epics/november97.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1961nkrumah.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana http://www.ghana.co.uk/
EthiopiaEthiopia
SelamSelamMax, Rachel, Dan i
Pan-Africanism•All African states have right to freedom.
•States must show united front to the world.
•Cooperation in
Politics
Economies
Defense
Health Care
And in all issues that may affect our continent.
Emperor Haile Selassie
Emperor Haile Selassie1892- 1974
•Reigned from 1930-1974 as an Autocratic ruler.
•1955 Salassie revised the EthiopianConstitution and installed a National Assembly
•Established a National Judiciary
•In the 1970’s Ethiopia's droughtwill lead to famine causing a coup d’etat removing Salassie from power in 1974
Modern History of EthiopiaFree Since 200 B.C.
•1889-1913: Joins World Community
•1930: Haile Sellasie crowned Emperor
•1936-1941: Occupied by Italy
•1941: Haile Sellasie returns to power
•1963: Host of the Organization of African Unity
The Future Of EthiopiaThe Future Of Ethiopia• Overall Living Conditions Poor• 1970’s and 1980’s: Drought And Famine• 1974: Haile Selassie Falls From Power• 1977: Somalia Invades Ethiopia• 1987: Mengitsu Regime Comes To Power• 1991: Military Junta Overthrown• 1993: Eritrea Gains Independence• 1995: Federation Of 10 Ethnically Different Administrative Regions
• Late 1990’s: War With Eritrea
• Overall Living Conditions Poor• 1970’s and 1980’s: Drought And Famine• 1974: Haile Selassie Falls From Power• 1977: Somalia Invades Ethiopia• 1987: Mengitsu Regime Comes To Power• 1991: Military Junta Overthrown• 1993: Eritrea Gains Independence• 1995: Federation Of 10 Ethnically Different Administrative Regions
• Late 1990’s: War With Eritrea
BibliographyBibliography• http://oneafricanow.com
• http://www.africaunion.org/root/au/aboutau/founders/oau_founders
• http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/22.htm
• http://www.libeam.org/history/articles/1892-1975-haile-selassie/index.php
• http://cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/et.htm/
• http;//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1072164.stm
• http://www.ethiopiantreasures.taucansurf.com/pages/dergue.htm
• http://oneafricanow.com
• http://www.africaunion.org/root/au/aboutau/founders/oau_founders
• http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/22.htm
• http://www.libeam.org/history/articles/1892-1975-haile-selassie/index.php
• http://cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/et.htm/
• http;//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1072164.stm
• http://www.ethiopiantreasures.taucansurf.com/pages/dergue.htm
SarahLindsay
Youngeun
CameroonCameroon
Timeline of Cameroon Imperialism and Independence
Timeline of Cameroon Imperialism and Independence
1858- 1st European settlement founded in Cameroon
1884- Cameroon becomes a German protectorate
1907- 2nd German governor develops colonies and railroads
1916- WWI breaks out-->Britain and France force Germany out of Cameroon
1919- a declaration is formed splitting Cameroon between Britain and France
1939/1940- WWII breaks out
1955- revolts from the UPC arise in French Cameroon
1958- Ahmadou Ahidjo forms the party I’lUnion Camerounaise
January 1st, 1960- Adhijo declares independence in French Cameroon
1960- Adhijo becomes the first president of Cameroon
1961- Referendum in British Cameroon
May 20, 1972- Constitution made with the help with the URC
1858- 1st European settlement founded in Cameroon
1884- Cameroon becomes a German protectorate
1907- 2nd German governor develops colonies and railroads
1916- WWI breaks out-->Britain and France force Germany out of Cameroon
1919- a declaration is formed splitting Cameroon between Britain and France
1939/1940- WWII breaks out
1955- revolts from the UPC arise in French Cameroon
1958- Ahmadou Ahidjo forms the party I’lUnion Camerounaise
January 1st, 1960- Adhijo declares independence in French Cameroon
1960- Adhijo becomes the first president of Cameroon
1961- Referendum in British Cameroon
May 20, 1972- Constitution made with the help with the URC
Amadu AhidjoAmadu Ahidjo• 1st President of
Federation of Cameroon in 1960
• Reelected in 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980
• Banned all other political groups to establish dominance
• Suppressed rebellions
• 1st President of Federation of Cameroon in 1960
• Reelected in 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980
• Banned all other political groups to establish dominance
• Suppressed rebellions
•Early 1970’s, created unpopular constitution and unitary control•Cameroon one of the most stable countries in Africa•1983, feud with Paul Biya; fled the country
Francophone orAnglophone?
Francophone orAnglophone?
As a result of colonization…• English speaking people lived in British
Cameroon
After World War 2…• British Cameroon joined Cameroon• 80% French• 20% English
As a result of colonization…• English speaking people lived in British
Cameroon
After World War 2…• British Cameroon joined Cameroon• 80% French• 20% English
Pan-AfricanismPan-AfricanismAgainst a Pan-African Nation…
-Strong stable central government-Improving economy-30% unemployment-Valuable exports; ex. Petroleum-Among highest per capita and
school attendance rates in sub-Saharan Africa-Slowly improving education
and technology
Against a Pan-African Nation…-Strong stable central government-Improving economy-30% unemployment-Valuable exports; ex. Petroleum-Among highest per capita and
school attendance rates in sub-Saharan Africa-Slowly improving education
and technology
Successes and Problems in the Future
Successes and Problems in the Future
•After 1963 (year of the Pan-African conference), there are some successes and problems that rise in the future.
•1961-1963: A large insurrection occurs, believed to have started by the Cameroonian Party.
•1966: National Cameroonian Party forms.
•1970’s: Country is a stable and prosperous nation with good relations with other nations. Less affected with the oil crisis than most African nations.
•1989: Anti-government is increased by 2 events: 1. Celebration of French Revolution. 2. Fall of communist governments in Eastern Europe.
•1984: Biya changes country’s name to the Republic of Cameroon.
•1994: Conflict between Cameroon and Nigeria.
•1996: Border between Cameroon and Nigeria clashes. Then both agree to a UN mediation.•1997: Biya is elected president in ballot. Boycotted by opposition parties.
•1998: Cameroon classed as most corrupt by the business monitor transparency international.
BibliographyBibliography
The Crawfurd homepage homepage.1996-2003. February 10,2006. <http://crawfurd.dk/africa/cameroon_timeline.htm>
BBC News. Friday 9 2005. Timeline Cameroon. February 13 2006.<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1021488.stm>African History Timeline:Independent Cameroon.homepage.1998. February 13
2006. < <http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-camer.htm>
The Crawfurd homepage homepage.1996-2003. February 10,2006. <http://crawfurd.dk/africa/cameroon_timeline.htm>
BBC News. Friday 9 2005. Timeline Cameroon. February 13 2006.<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1021488.stm>African History Timeline:Independent Cameroon.homepage.1998. February 13
2006. < <http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-camer.htm>
AlgeriaAlgeriaPeople’s Democratic Republic of Algeria
Jeremy Marina Jessica
Jomo KenyattaJomo Kenyatta•Many names-Jomo Kenyatta is the most commonly known
Became politically interested in the Kikuyu Central Association in 1924
•1929-Sent to Enlgand to advocate for return of Kenya’s land
•1945-Organized World Trade Union and Fifth Pan-African Congress
•1947-Becomes KAU president.
•1952-Arrested with other leaders for organizing Mau Mau •1963-Becomes prime minister of free Kenya, urging whites to stay in Kenya
Elected president in 1964, 1966, 1970, and 1974
•Dies in 1978 in sleep
Born in 1889 in British East Africa (Kenya)
Basic FactsBasic Facts
• Capitol-Algiers• Ethnicity- 99% Berber Arab and 1% European• Religion-99% Sunni Muslim• Official Language-Arabic• Independence- From France, July 5, 1962• Legal System- based on French and Islamic law• Natural Recourses oil and natural gas
• Capitol-Algiers• Ethnicity- 99% Berber Arab and 1% European• Religion-99% Sunni Muslim• Official Language-Arabic• Independence- From France, July 5, 1962• Legal System- based on French and Islamic law• Natural Recourses oil and natural gas
Colonial HistoryColonial History• Colonized by France
– Started in 1830– Fully imperialized by 1900
• Large resistance movement began in 50’s• That was National Liberation Front (FLN)
– Used guerilla tactics– Very brutal and very bloody struggle
• Compromise with France reached in March ’62
• Official independent July 5, 1962
• Colonized by France– Started in 1830– Fully imperialized by 1900
• Large resistance movement began in 50’s• That was National Liberation Front (FLN)
– Used guerilla tactics– Very brutal and very bloody struggle
• Compromise with France reached in March ’62
• Official independent July 5, 1962
Ahmed Ben BellaAhmed Ben Bella• Born 1918-• In power 1963-1965• Soldier in WWI• Involved in independence movement
– Founded ‘National Liberation Front’ (FLN)
• Captured in 1952 by France, released in 1962– Year France and FLN reached compromise
• Ran unopposed for President• Ousted in coup in 1965• Succeeded by Boumedienne
• Born 1918-• In power 1963-1965• Soldier in WWI• Involved in independence movement
– Founded ‘National Liberation Front’ (FLN)
• Captured in 1952 by France, released in 1962– Year France and FLN reached compromise
• Ran unopposed for President• Ousted in coup in 1965• Succeeded by Boumedienne
Predictions for the FuturePredictions for the Future• First president: Ahmed Ben Bella (1962)
– Arab-Islamic socialist state with one party: FLN• Second President: Boumedienne comes to power in a
bloodless coup in 1965– He will be credited for creating Modern Algeria
• Third President: Chadli Benjedid (1978), re-elected– Many riots due to failing economy– He will remake the constitution allowing other
parties: FIS• 1991 military takeover, Boudiaff became president
– FIS will use terrorism against government 1999• Bouleflika will be elected president
– Goals: stability and security– Berbers will struggle for emancipation (freedom)
• First president: Ahmed Ben Bella (1962)– Arab-Islamic socialist state with one party: FLN
• Second President: Boumedienne comes to power in a bloodless coup in 1965– He will be credited for creating Modern Algeria
• Third President: Chadli Benjedid (1978), re-elected– Many riots due to failing economy– He will remake the constitution allowing other
parties: FIS• 1991 military takeover, Boudiaff became president
– FIS will use terrorism against government 1999• Bouleflika will be elected president
– Goals: stability and security– Berbers will struggle for emancipation (freedom)
Pan-Africanism In Algeria
Pan-Africanism In Algeria
•Algeria is against Pan-Africanism•99% Muslim•There are currently anti-government riots•Member of Arab League•Consider themselves Arab, not African
•Algeria is against Pan-Africanism•99% Muslim•There are currently anti-government riots•Member of Arab League•Consider themselves Arab, not African
BibliographyBibliography
• www.rulers.org/indexB2.html• http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856564.html
• http://www.marxists.org/history/algeria/
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter6.shtml
• http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/algeria.html
• www.rulers.org/indexB2.html• http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856564.html
• http://www.marxists.org/history/algeria/
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter6.shtml
• http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/algeria.html
SudanSudan
SUDAN
By Mark and Andrew
Sudan FactsSudan Facts
• people called Sudanese• Population 40.2 million• official language is
Arabic• Sudan is the largest
country in Africa • Islam is the official
religion, Christianity and indigenous beliefs also practiced.
• Industry is mainly made up of car assembly.
• people called Sudanese• Population 40.2 million• official language is
Arabic• Sudan is the largest
country in Africa • Islam is the official
religion, Christianity and indigenous beliefs also practiced.
• Industry is mainly made up of car assembly.
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A Brief HistoryA Brief History
1899- Egypt and Great Britain rule over Sudan equally
1953- Anglo-Egyptian Agreement ends Anglo-Egyptian rule
1955- First civil war begins between rebels in the South and and northern government
1956- Sudanese independence
2003- Separate conflict in in Western Sudan where almost 2 million lives were affected
2005- Civil war ends with Naivasha peace treaty
1899- Egypt and Great Britain rule over Sudan equally
1953- Anglo-Egyptian Agreement ends Anglo-Egyptian rule
1955- First civil war begins between rebels in the South and and northern government
1956- Sudanese independence
2003- Separate conflict in in Western Sudan where almost 2 million lives were affected
2005- Civil war ends with Naivasha peace treaty
Independence
Independence
• In February 1953 UK agreed for Sudanese self-government– Former British colony
• Officially became independent on January 1st, 1956
• Problems quickly arose from mixing of races, ethnicities and tribes– Arabs and Muslims
• Most blacks are Muslim and considered below Arabs in society
• Nonstop Civil War from 1955-72– Plagued by Civil War once
again today in Darfur between Fur, Masalit, and Zagahawa tribes.
• In February 1953 UK agreed for Sudanese self-government– Former British colony
• Officially became independent on January 1st, 1956
• Problems quickly arose from mixing of races, ethnicities and tribes– Arabs and Muslims
• Most blacks are Muslim and considered below Arabs in society
• Nonstop Civil War from 1955-72– Plagued by Civil War once
again today in Darfur between Fur, Masalit, and Zagahawa tribes.
P.M. Ibrahim AbboudP.M. Ibrahim Abboud
• Born in 1900• Became commander in
chief in 1956 when Sudan gained its independence
• Was in 5th year as Prime Minister in 1963
• Gained power through a military coup in 1958
• Lost power one year later in 1964
• Was a dictator,general and political leader
• Died in 1983
• Born in 1900• Became commander in
chief in 1956 when Sudan gained its independence
• Was in 5th year as Prime Minister in 1963
• Gained power through a military coup in 1958
• Lost power one year later in 1964
• Was a dictator,general and political leader
• Died in 1983
Position on Pan-Africanism
Position on Pan-Africanism
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-The Sudanese economy is poor and lacks development•Sudan would prefer sharing the wealth of a unified Africa
-Violence is a result of ignorance, therefore Sudan would greatly benefit from the education that Pan- Africanists support and have based many books on (e.g human philosophies, culture, literature)
Already, The African Union, makes
peaceful interventions in Sudan
Sudan’s Bloody FutureSudan’s Bloody Future
• Sudan broke out into civil war which ended in 1972
• Another civil war broke out in 1983
• Over 2 million people have died in the wars
• A coalition government run by the National Congress Party and the Sudan’s peoples movement
• New constitution on June 30 1998
• Sudan broke out into civil war which ended in 1972
• Another civil war broke out in 1983
• Over 2 million people have died in the wars
• A coalition government run by the National Congress Party and the Sudan’s peoples movement
• New constitution on June 30 1998
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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BibliographyBibliography• www.Wikipedia.org• www.State.gov• www.google.com• www.observer.gm• www.sharon.k12.ma.us• Cnn.com• BBCNews.com
• www.Wikipedia.org• www.State.gov• www.google.com• www.observer.gm• www.sharon.k12.ma.us• Cnn.com• BBCNews.com
Tanzania
Rachel Ally , and HannaRachel Ally , and Hanna
Tanzania TimelineTanzania Timeline
1885Tanganyika made a part of German East Africa
Zanzibar made aBritish Protectorate 1890
1914-1918WWI
Tanganyika Independent1961
1963Zanzibar independent
United Republic ofTanganyika-ZanzibarApril 26, 1964
1967East African Community formed
The Road to independence…•End of WWI in British Control
•1930’s-1950’s:National Movement
•1954-Tanganyika African NationalMovement
•Dec.9,1961-Tanganyikan Independence
•Dec.10, 1963- Zanzibar Independence
•Act of Union:April 26, 1964-Tanzania
The road to independence…
Julius NyerereJulius Nyerere
•1922-1999
•Born in Tanganyika and went to University of Edinburg
•Involvement in Tanganyika’s politics eventually lead to him being president in 1962
•Architect of a united Tanganyika-Zanzibar
•Policy of “ujamaa” or family hood•Mix of socialism in African traditional living•Were a economic failure
•He was a Pan-Africanist•Supported the ANC and PAC
Tanzania in the FutureTanzania in the Future
April 26, 1964: Tanganyika and Zanzibar merge, formation of Tanzania1978-1980: war with Uganda, ousted Idi Amin1995: first multiparty electionBenjamin William Mkapa elected president1998: bombing of US embassy in Dar es Salaamtrying to fix lots of problems: deforestation, pollution, HIV/AIDSCurrent president: Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete
Benjamin William Mkapa
Pan AfricaPan
Africa•Tanzania’s position: YES
•We are one of the world’s poorest countries
•Will help our economy, because wealthier countries can help us
•More resources•Fewer wars over like the one with
Uganda, because all countries are one
•Tanzania’s position: YES•We are one of the world’s poorest
countries•Will help our economy, because wealthier countries can help us
•More resources•Fewer wars over like the one with
Uganda, because all countries are one
Tanzania Today
•United Republic of Tanzania• made up of Tanganyika- Zanzibar
•Official languages are Swahili and English•Capital Dodoma•About the size of two Californias•Life expectancy ~46 years for females and ~45 years for males•One of the world’s poorest countries
BibliographyBibliographyhttp://www.biography.com/search/article.jsp?aid=9426081&search
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/441768.stm
http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-nye.htm
http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar546810
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tz.html
http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar546801
http://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nyerere/biography.htmMarxist biography of Julius Nyerere – President of Tanganyika
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108028.html
http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eastafrica/tanzaniaind.html
www.tanzaniatouristboard.com/about_RepublicofTanzania
http://www.biography.com/search/article.jsp?aid=9426081&search
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/441768.stm
http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-nye.htm
http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar546810
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tz.html
http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar546801
http://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nyerere/biography.htmMarxist biography of Julius Nyerere – President of Tanganyika
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108028.html
http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eastafrica/tanzaniaind.html
www.tanzaniatouristboard.com/about_RepublicofTanzania