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transcript
The direct and indirect mechanisms of facilitation by shrubs play a
central role in maintaining leopard lizard populations.
Progress Report
Taylor Noble
M.Sc. Candidate
Supervisor: Dr. Christopher Lortie
Committee Member: Dr. Bridget Stutchbury
Positive Interactions: Facilitation
High abiotic stress environments
Many examples plant-plant interactions
Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve,http://www.ddcr.org/en/conservation/research/
(Bertness et al. 1997, Bruno et al. 2003, Holzapfel et al. 1999, Liu et al. 2014)
Animals too!
Amanda Liczner
B.Peterson, http://www.arkive.org/giant-kangaroo-rat/dipodomys-ingens/
(Holzapfel et al. 1999, Hughes 2012)
Direct and Indirect Interactions
Moon, D. C., Moon, J. & Keagy, A. (2010) Direct and Indirect Interactions. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):50
Direct Interaction
Indirect Interaction
Direct and indirect effects of shrubs on lizards.
Blunt-nosed leopard lizardGambelia sila
Photo by Gary Nafis. http://www.californiaherps.com/lizards/images/gsilaslo6084.jpg
USFWS 2010. 5-Year Review, Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard
Karin Jeske
Study SiteCarrizo Plains National Monument
https://www.flickr.com/photos/darthjenni/4683874516/
Panoche Hills
Photo by Andrew Alden. http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/
UC Davis arboretum
Dennis Stevensen
Chris Lortie
Hypothesis
Desert shrubs provide direct benefits to small animals such as shelter, indirect benefits in the form of resources such as prey.
Chapter 1: A systematic review of the effects of indirect plant-animal interactions.
Moon, D. C., Moon, J. & Keagy, A. (2010) Direct and Indirect Interactions. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):50
Indirect Interaction
Direct Interaction
Direct Interaction
Menge 1995
Predictions
Keystone predation and habitat facilitation.
Intermediate species will most often be a plant species.
Animal abundance or survival will increase.
Search Terms
Plant
AND
Animal
AND
Indirect
Initial Search
N = 349
Preliminary Findings
46%
33%
18%
3%
Trophic Environmental Behavioral Chemical
Categories of Indirect Interactions Study
31%
15%
15%
8%
4%
27%Habitat Facilitation
Trophic Cascade
Exploitation Competition
Keystone Predation
Apparent Predation
Other
What types of indirect effect sequences are studied?
Were interactions positive or negative?
56%35%
9%
Positive Negative Neutral
Was an intermediate species discussed?
Yes No
Was the intermediate species plant or animal?
Plant Animal
Was animal survival or abundance discussed?
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Abundance Survival
Chapter 2: A field survey of the effects of Ephedra californica on leopard lizard activity patterns.
Hypothesis: Desert shrubs provide direct benefits to small animals such as shelter, indirect benefits in the form of resources such as prey, and indirect benefits by increasing annual-plant density within the canopy thereby providing additional protection.
Predictions
Lizard activity will be highest under shrubs.
Larger shrubs will have higher lizard activity.
Insect density will be greater under shrubs.
Experimental Design
5 shrub size gradients x 4 trap arrays x 10 days
New Shrubs for each day.
Track Trap Array
Open vs. Shrub vs. Open Trail
Timeline of study
Jan.-Feb. Feb.-March March- April April- June
Large Shrub Survey
Planning and Systematic
Review
Pick Sites, Pilot Study, Set up
Survey
Conduct Survey
Chapter 3: An experimental manipulation of the shelter and resource effects of Ephedra californicaon leopard lizard foraging.
Long-nosed Leopard Lizard (juvenile), Cochise
Couny, AZ. Photo by Jim Rorabaugh
Hypothesis: Desert shrubs provide direct benefits to small animals such as shelter, indirect benefits in the form of resources such as prey, and indirect benefits by increasing annual-plant density within the canopy thereby providing additional protection, making them safer and more desirable for animals to forage at.
>
>
Predictions
Lizards will forage more frequently under shrubs and other shelters.
Lower giving-up densities (GUD) at shrubs.
Lizards will prefer stations with annuals removed.
Experimental Design
3 site treatments x 2 food densities x 2 annual treatments x 4 repeats x 5-10 days
Timeline of study
Large Shrub Survey
Continue to Research Foraging
Pilot Food Choices, Prep
Full Study
Conduct Feeding Trials
Acknowledgements
Thanks to:
Dr. Christopher Lortie
Dr. Bridget Stutchbury
Dr. Mike Westphal
Dr. Tim Bean
The Lortie Lab
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