North African History

and CultureImperialism and Independence

- Chapter 21:2c -

[Image source: http://www.turkeyswar.com/prelude/sickmanofeurope.htm]

“Africa was created to be the plague of

foreign offices.”

Robert Cecil,Third Marquess

of Salisbury

Imperialism

• Latin word from the days of the Roman empire

• domination of a country’s political, economic, and social life by another country

Causes for nineteenth-century European Imperialism

1. Economics

2. Nationalism

3. Balance-of-Power

4. White Man’s Burden

The Industrial Revolution created an almost insatiable demand for raw materials and new markets.

[Image source: http://www.actis.co.uk/gridgallery/gridgal/two/imageid/historybig/1982.jpg]

European powers wanted to demonstrate their power and

prestige in the world.

[Image source: http://www.modellismo-navale.it/Jpmodel/HMS-Benbow-1898-profilo.jpg]

European nations were

forced to acquire new colonies to

achieve a balance with

their neighbors and competitors.

[Image source: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WarFran.jpg]

The Europeans’

sense of superiority made them

feel obligated to “civilize the

heathen savages” they encountered.

“Take up the White Man’s burden –Send forth the best ye breed –Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives’ need;To wait in heavy harnessOn fluttered folk and wild –Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.”

- Rudyard Kipling

Chancellor Otto von

Bismarck of Germany

convened a conference to

discuss the procedures for

establishing colonies.

[Image source: http://www.museumofworldwarii.com/images/TourPictures/01_Wilhelm1_lge.jpg]

Berlin Conference• met in late-1884/early-1885• set the criteria for claiming colonies

in Africa• initiated the “Scramble for Africa”

- succeeded in deflecting European attention and aggression outward- resulted in the partitioning of Africa

Look at the dog with the poofy tail!

France

Attention K-mart

shoppers! Only a limited

supply of colonies are left! Conquer

now before we run out!

Ahhhhh!

Steps towards Formal Empire

1. Exploration & Discovery

2. Trading Outpost (i.e. “factory”)

3. Sphere of Influence

4. Protectorate

5. Colony

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King Charles X started France on the road to

empire when he ordered his

troops to invade Algeria in 1830.

It took France ten years and 100,000

troops to conquer and occupy all of

Algeria.

France went on to conquer Tunis in 1881

and secure special rights in Morocco in

1904.

France hoped to create an empire in

North Africa that would generate income

comparable to what India did for Great

Britain. [Image source: http://www.edunetconnect.com/cat/timemachine/images/africa.gif]

[Image source: http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/empires/images/0083.jpg]

Meanwhile, Great Britain was chewing up territory elsewhere in

Africa.

[Image source: http://www.edinfor.pt/anc/f-lesseps.jpg]

In 1859, the French

entrepreneur, Ferdinand de

Lesseps, set up a company to build the Suez

Canal.

[Image source: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/ralimage/30suez.jpg]

The Suez Canal

provided a more direct route

between Europe

and East Asia.

[Image source: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/conc1en/img/suez.gif]

Egypt became a protectorate of

Great Britain in 1882 after the

defeat of a nationalist

revolt led by Ahmed Arabi.

[Image source: http://www.antiquemapsandprints.com/p-3959.jpg]

[Image source: http://sudanhome.com/cards/cards/el_mahdi.jpg]

During the 1880s, an

Islamic revival, led by a self-proclaimed

deliverer known as the

Mahdi, threatened

British interests in Egypt.

His force swept across the Sudan, re-instituting fundamentalist practices.

[Image source: http://ron.heavengames.com/gameinfo/nations/nubia/nubia.shtml]

Among the practices revived by the Mahdi was slavery.

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The British sent their

most gifted general,

“Chinese” Gordon, to

rescue British subjects

trapped in the Sudan.

[Image source: http://www.axnet.it/romaoggi/lorenz/imm-articolo3-gordon-bn.jpg]

Gordon exceeded his orders and

tried to defend the city of Khartoum

from the forces of the Mahdi.

[Image source: http://www.1uptravel.com/worldmaps/sudan7.html]

The relief force sent to rescue Gordon arrived one day too late.

[Image source: http://www.ku.edu/~kansite/ww_one/photos/bin17/imag1685.jpg]

Gordon’s actions forced Britain to assume a greater responsibility in the Sudan.

[Image source: http://www.pinetreeweb.com/kitchener-khartoum.jpg]

The British ultimately defeated the forces of the Mahdi at the

Battle of Omdurman.

http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/images/aa332391.jpg]

So 'ere's to you, Fuzzy-Wuzzy, at your 'ome in the Soudan;You're a pore benighted 'eathen, but a first-class fightin' man;An' 'ere's to you, Fuzzy-Wuzzy, with your 'ayrick 'ead of 'air –

You big black boundin' beggar – for you broke a British square!

“Whatever happens, we have got,the Maxim gun, and they have not.”

[Image source: http://www.uh.edu/engines/maximgun.jpg]

- Hillaire Belloc

[Image source: http://users.westconnect.com.au/%7Eianmac5/choc.jpg]

Many people, such as Britain’s competitors in

colonization, the French, hoped

that Britain would fail miserably in their efforts to

establish a global empire.

British and French interests

collided at Fashoda in 1898, almost resulting

in a shooting war between the two great imperialist

powers.[Image source: http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/empires/0055.html]

The Italo-Turkish War (1911-1912) resulted in

Libya becoming part of a growing

Italian Empire.

Egyptian nationalists sought independence for Egypt, following the end of World

War I.

Saad Zaghlul Pasha

Following a brief revolution in 1919, Britain granted Egypt

limited independence

in 1922.

“Independence” contingent on:

1. the security of the communications of the British Empire in Egypt;

2. the defence of Egypt against foreign aggression;

3. and the protection of foreign interests in Egypt and the Sudan

Egypt obtained complete independence in 1952, following a military coup.

[Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of

_1952#/media/File:Nasser_and_Naguib,_1954.jpg]

[Image source: http://www.resolutionpossible.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/wissmanntruppe-300x216.jpg]

Italy granted Libya

independence under King

Idris in 1951.

[Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya#/media/File:IdrisI3.jpg]

[Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi#/media/File:Nasser_Qaddafi_Atassi_1969.jpg]

Colonel Muammar Gaddafi led a coup d’état deposing King Idris, and

seized control of Libya in 1969.

Morocco under Sultan

Mohammed V gained its

independence from France

in 1956.[Image source: http://i.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1957/1101570422_400.jpg]

Tunisia also gained its independence from France in 1956.

[Image source: http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/62980000/jpg/_62980956_tun_bourguiba.jpg]

1962 – Algerian independence

[Image source: https://theredphoenix.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/realgenocide_algerian.jpg]