Post on 20-Nov-2014
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transcript
Empires of Egypt & Nubia Collide
What do you think?
Add to your notes: Egypt both invaded other lands and was invaded. What conditions, if any, might justify an invasion on another country? (3-4 sentences)
Main Idea:
2 Empires along the Nile, Egypt and Nubia, forged commercial, cultural, and political connections
THEMES: Invaders, cultures collide, what a leader focuses on
Why it matters now?
Neighboring civilizations participate in cultural exchange as well as conflict
Setting the Stage
Egypt grew (during Middle Kingdom) by trade with Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley
600 miles south a new civilization was emerging- region of Nubia
New Kingdom of Egypt After Middle Kingdom success,
succession of weak pharaohs weaken Egypt
Invaders, Hyksos invaded and ruled Egypt
Loss in confidence of geographical protection
Finally a series of warlike pharaohs and queens strengthened Egypt and kicked the Hyksos out= NEW KINGDOM BEGUN
Empire Builders
New weapons: bronze weapons, 2-wheeled chariots
Red & White Crown= symbols of royalty
Blue Crown= war crown, battle helmet
Hatshepsut
Declared herself pharaoh
Took over because her stepson was too young to take the throne
She encouraged trade rather than war
What do you think?
Add to your notes: Why would a ruler encourage trade rather than making war?
Thutmose III Hatshepsut’s stepson
More warlike, may have even killed his stepmom in eagerness to get the throne
Conquered areas of Nubia, returning with gold, cattle, ivory, and many enslaved captives
Egypt has never been as strong as it was during the New Kingdom
Hittites
When Egyptians conquered parts of Syria and Palestine they ran into conflict with the Hittites who had also expanded into that area
Many battles
Battle of Kadesh: major battle between Hittites and Egyptians (Ramses II), ended with a treaty that formed an alliance that lasted for the rest of the century
Age of Builders
Huge builders in order to secure their state in the afterlife
Valley of Kings
Pharaoh means “great house”
Ramses II: one of the greatest builders, lived to age 99 and had 150 children
After Ramses death, a series of invasions occurred
Invasions by Land & Sea
Both the Egyptians and Hittites were attacked by “the people of the sea”
May have been the Philistines from the Bible
From the east came the Palestinians
From the west came the Libyans
Kushites
Egypt dominated Nubia and the Nubian kingdom of Kush
As Egypt fell in power, Kush emerged and established its own Kushite dynasty
People of Nubia
The Nile River provided the best north-south trade route
Kush linked Egypt and the Mediterranean world and southern Africa
Kerma= first Nubian kingdom
Kerma’s kings were buried in chambers larger than those in any Egyptian pyramid
Kerma prospered during Egypt’s Hyksos period
Interaction of Egypt & Nubia
For a long period, Egypt ruled Kush
Kush capital became the center for the spread of Egyptian culture to Kush’s other African trading partners
Kush leaders adopted Egyptian languages, gods, customs, clothing, rituals, writing, architecture…
When Egypt decline, Kushites saw themselves as the guardians of Egyptian value
Piankhi Captures Egyptian Throne
Piankhi= Kushite king, overthrew the Libyan dynasty that ruled Egypt and united the entire Nile Valley, set up new dynasty and “restored” Egypt’s glory
Assyrians came and conquered Kushites and they were forced south up the Nile
Despite their loss of Egypt they experienced a golden age
Meroe
Kushite royal family moved south to Meroe
Meroe enjoyed rainfall, iron ore, and manufactured iron weapons and tools
Trade along the Red Sea to Arabia and India
Declined to the rise of the Aksum Kingdom, while Egypt was ruled by the Assyrians