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Nuclear Power in Washington State
Kathleen M. Saul
November 4, 2010
gCORE
Electrical Generation vs. Bomb Production
The energy from the atom has been used for two different purposes: In atomic bombs/nuclear weapons,To generate electricity.
The focus today: Electrical Generation “Commercial Nuclear Power”
What is commercial nuclear power?
A fancy way to heat water and generate steam to drive a turbine and create electricity.Neutrons bombard the nucleus of a uranium-
235 atom, causing the release of other neutrons and a lot of heat. Those new neutrons go on to hit other uranium-235 nuclei in a self-sustaining reaction.
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fission/Images/fission.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fission/Fission1.shtml&h=226&w=360&sz=14&tbnid=XEFCWoaQmiEDqM:&tbnh=76&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnuclear%2Bfission&zoom=1&q=nuclear+fission&hl=en&usg=__eyB7wOps77bQhy1t3HfJrxhghEo=&sa=X&ei=oKDRTMO7LJL6sAORxdmmCw&ved=0CDcQ9QEwBA
Uranium 235
Barium
Krypton
Radioactive Iodine
Strontium
Cesium
Xenon
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_H2CekjGxczE/Ssnuf_dC4LI/AAAAAAAAADU/Eqd72h797jI/s400/nuclear%2Bpower%2Bplants.GIF&imgrefurl=http://ezonal.blogspot.com/2009/09/nuclear-power-station.html&h=340&w=392&sz=16&tbnid=CfvujsxBUV17aM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=123&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNuclear%2BPower&zoom=1&q=Nuclear+Power&usg=__ue1SY7xFpiUTgkhfq4EmjNya1nU=&sa=X&ei=qJ3RTKWAAoKisAPNuNmnCw&ved=0CFcQ9QEwCg
Key Dates in the History of the U.S. Commercial Nuclear Industry
Timeline – 1940s1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
The first sustained nuclear reaction took place in Chicago, under the direction of Enrico Fermi
Atomic Energy Act creates the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
Timeline – 1950s1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
President Eisenhower presented "Atoms for Peace" speech
Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act enacted into law
Atomic Energy Act passed by Congress
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) established under United Nations
Timeline – 1960s
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969 Oyster Creek, Nine Mile Point 1 came on line
Dresden 1 came on line, the first privately financed nuclear power plant in the U.S.
Timeline – 1970s
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
Dresden 2, Ginna, Point Beach 1 came on line
HG Robinson, Monticello, Dresden 3, Palisades came on line
Point Beach 2, Vermont Yankee, Pilgrim 1, Turkey Point 3, Surry 1 on lineQuad Cities 1 & 2, Surry 2, Oconee 1, Turkey Point 4, Prairie Island 1 on lineKewaunee, Fort Calhoun 1, Cooper, Peach Bottom 2 & 3, Browns Ferry 1, Indian Point 2, TMI 1, Oconee 2 & 3, Arkansas 1, Prairie Island 2 on lineDuane Arnold 1, Browns Ferry 2, Calvert Cliffs 1, Fitzpatrick, Donald Cook 1, Brunswick 2, Millstone 2, Hatch 1 came on line
Indian Point 3, Beaver Valley 1 on line
Browns Ferry 3, Crystal River 3, Brunswick 1, Calvert Cliffs 2, Salem 1 came on line
North Anna 1, Donald Cook 2, David Besse 1 came on line
Hatch 2 on lineAccident at Three Mile Island
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) signed into lawFederal Clean Air Act of 1970 took effect; EPA establishedEPA announced national air quality standards
Middle East Oil Embargo
Energy Reorganization Act abolished the AEC and established the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO) established
Timeline – 1980s1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
Fuel rupture in reactor at Saint-Laurent, France
Arkansas 2, North Anna 2 on line
Sequoyah 1, Farley 2, Salem 2, McGuire 1 came on line
Sequoyah 2 on line
Susquehanna 1, San Onofre 2 came on lineSummer 1, LaSalle 1 & 2, McGuire 2, San Onofre 3, Columbia Generating Station, Callaway 1 came on line
Diablo Canyon 1, Catabwa 1, Grand Gulf 1, Wolf Creek, Byron 1, Waterford 3, Susquehanna 2 on line
Palo Verde 1 & 2, Limerick 1, Diablo Canyon 2, Millstone 3, River Bend 1, Catabwa 2, Hope Creek 1 on line
Shearon Harris 1, Vogtle 1, Byron 2, Beaver Valley 2, Perry1, Clinton 1 came on linePalo Verde 3, Fermi 2, Nine Mile Point 2, Braidwood 1 & 2, South Texas Project 1 on lineVogtle 2, South Texas Project 2 on line
National Academy for Nuclear Training established at INPOMeltdown at Chernobyl, Ukraine
NRC begins program of reactor design standardization
World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) formed
Timeline – 1990s1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Limerick 2, Comanche Peak 1, Seabrook 1 came on line
Comanche Peak 2 on line
Watts Bar 1 came on line
Nuclear Energy Institute formed
Accident at fuel preparation plant, Tokai-mura, Japan
Deregulation of electric industry allowed by the Energy Act of 1992
Kyoto Protocol ratified
Revision of rules and requirements for applying for licenses to build and operate nuclear power plants in the U.S
Timeline – 2000s2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
NuStart Energy Development LLC formed
Nuclear Power 2010 program unveiled
Repeal of the Public Utility Holding Act of 1935 took effect
2001 National Energy Policy published
Energy Policy Act of 2005 passed
COLAs received for Calvert Cliffs 3, South Texas Project 3 & 4, Bellefonte 3 & 4, North Anna 3, William States Lee 1 & 2
Congress passed a $18.5 billion loan guarantee program for the nuclear industry
COLAs received for Shearon Harris 2 & 3, Grand Gulf 3, Summer 2 & 3, Vogtle 3 & 4, Callaway 2, Levy Co. 1 & 2, Victoria Co. TX 1 & 2, Fermi 3, Comanche Peak 3 & 4, River Bend 3, Nine Mile Point 3, Bell Bend 1
Commercial Nuclear Power in Washington State
http://www.scripophily.net/wapuposusybo.html
The History of The Washington Public Power Supply System
(WPPSS) 1957: WPPSS organized to allow publicly
owned utilities to combine resources and build power generation facilities.
1968: The Joint Power Planning Council set forth its outline for the Thermal-Hydro Power Program, including 20 new thermal plants by 1980.
1971: WPPSS made plans to construct and operate a commercial nuclear plant on the Hanford site (Plant 2).Utilities would share the costs and benefits.
1972: WPPSS proposed a second plant near Hanford (Plant 1) and one at Satsop (Plant 3). Costs to be covered through the sale of the
power generated. 1973: The IRS decreed the type of financing
used for Plants 1, 2, and 3 would no longer be tax exempt.
1973: WPPSS announced plans for Plant 4 near Hanford and Plant 5 at Satsop.Based on forecasts of continuing growth
in electrical demand, WPPSS enticed utilities to buy shares of the projects.
Sample Scenario:
Demand vs Capacity
0.050.0
100.0150.0200.0250.0300.0350.0400.0
Year
kW
Demand
Built Capacity
1981: Revised demand forecasts call into question the need for Plants 4 and 5.
1982: WPPSS terminated work on 4 and 5.Partner utilities were still on the hook for the
costs. Ratepayers sued, saying the agreements utilities had entered into were not legal. Courts sided with the ratepayers.
1983: WPPSS defaulted on the bonds it had issued to cover the costs of plants 4 and 5: $2.25 billion.
1983: WPPSS mothballed Plants 1 and 3. 1984: Plant 2, Columbia Generating
Station, began producing power.
Challenges Faced by WPPSS Overambitious forecasts, primarily based on
Bonneville numbers. Inexperience with nuclear management and
construction.Quality control issues.
Design changes as construction progressed. Changes in safety standards. Increased costs and interest rates. Environmental backlash against nuclear power.
http://www.efsec.wa.gov/GRAPHICS/Project%20location%20map.pdf
WPPSS Sites
WPPSS Unfinished Plant 5 near Satsop, WA, 2000
Courtesy Grays Harbor Community Development Corp.
The Hanford Site and Columbia Generating Station
Columbia Generating Station
WPPSS Plant 2 (Columbia Generating Station)
Courtesy Energy Northwest
Columbia Generating Station Today
Capacity: 1150 MW of electricity. Emissions avoided (vs fossil fuel plants):
9,750 tons of sulfur dioxide.11,900 tons of nitrogen oxide.7,960,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide.
27 casks of spent fuel/by-products stored on site.
http://www.energy-northwest.com/generation/cgs/
Electricity Generation in WA
Natural Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Hydro
Other
7.5%
Based on: http://www.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=WA
References
Too many to list.See me.