Nutrition & Brain

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8/12/2019 Nutrition & Brain

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Luciana B Sutanto, dr. MS. SpGK

Samuel Oetoro, dr. MS. SpGK

Guthrie HA, Picciano MF. Human Nutrition.

Westermarck T, Antila E. Diet in relation tothe nervous system. In: Human Nutrition and

Dietetics (Garrow JS, James WPT, Ralph A,editors)

Fernstrom JD, Uauy R, Arroyo P. Nutritionand Brain.

Brain Development Undernutrition

Nutrition & Brain Development

Nutrition & Brain Function

Intrauterine

0-2 years

2-5 years 5 years -….

1 212 years

Brain volume

5Intra uterine

Brain development

PREGNANCY

POST-NATAL (0-36 months)

> 36 month

Causes: Inadequate dietary intake

Lack of sufficient and/or suitable quality of

food Frequent infection

Undernourished children generally had poorer

fine & gross motor function, also had morebehavior problem.

Fatty Acid Folate

Iron Vitamin A

Iodine

DHA (dihomogammalinoleic acid) and AA(arachidonic acid), derived from linoleic acid,is important in the structure and function ofcerebral membranes.

Human breast milk supplies AA in amountconsidered to meet accretion in membrane-

rich tissues.

Folate deficiency causes Neural Tube Deffect(NTD)◦ spina bifida: neural tube fails to close at 4 weeks of

pregnancy◦

anencephaly: forebrain fails to develop

Food sources of folate:◦ Grain products◦ Green leafy vegetables◦ Organ meats◦ Potatoes◦ Fruits

Zn deficiency causes Neural Tube Deffect(NTD)◦ unencephalocele: hernia protrusion of the brain

◦ iniencephaly: brain metter protruding through a

fissure of the vertebral column

Food sources of Zn:◦ dairy products, beans and lentils, yeast, nuts,

◦ seeds, wholegrain cereals, pumpkin seeds.

Iron deficiency causes◦ impaired cognitive

◦ impaired psychomotor development & function

◦ impaired temperature regulation◦ pica

The brain sensitives to iron deficiency during thefirst 2 years of life

Food sources of iron: meat, fish and poultry,fruits, vegetables, dried beans, nuts and grainproducts

Iron absorption increases in:◦ Acid environment (ferric ferrous iron)◦ A good source of vitamin C (oranges, grapefruits,

tomatoes, broccoli and strawberries)◦ A NON-HEME food cooked in an iron pot

Iron absorption decreases in:◦ A NON-HEME food◦ A HEME and NON-HEME food eaten together◦ Large amounts of tea or coffee consumed with a meal

(the polyphenols bind the iron).◦ Excess consumption of high fiber foods or bran

supplements (the phytates in such foods inhibitabsorption).

◦ High intake of calcium (supplement)

Vitamin A excess causes major abnormalitiesin fetal development.

In UK: pregnant women are adviced to avoidfood rich in vitamin A.

Food sources of vitamin A: organ meats (liver,giblets), carrot juice, sweetpotato, pumpkin,

spinach, various ready-to-eat cereals, withadded vit A, pickled herring.

Iodine deficiency causes:◦ brain damage

◦ mental impairment

Food sources of iodine: asparagus, garlic,lima beans, mushrooms, seafood, sea saltand fortified salt, seaweed, sesameseeds,soybeans, spinach, turnip greens

Energy Thiamin

Pyridoxine

Vitamin B12 Folic Acid

Niacin

Pantothenic Acid

Vitamin A Vitamin E

The brain uses 20-30% of the body’s restingmetabolic rate

The mature neurons of brain need high

continues supply of energy to maintain theirfunction

lucose is the main energy substrate for

synthetic and functional activities The energy form amino acid only contributes less

than 10%.

Thiamine deficiency in babies causes:◦ meningitis, irritable, vomit, convulse, bulging

fontanelle, nystagmus

Thiamine deficiency in children & adults

causes:◦ Peripheral neuritis (loss of the sense of vibration,

with paresthesia & burning sensation in the feet)

Food sources of thiamin: grain products

(breads, cereals, pasta and rice), meat,poultry, fish, fruits and vegetables

Pyridoxine is essential for synthesis ormetabolism of almost all neurotransmiter.

Pyridoxine deficiency causes: fatigue,nervousness, irritability, depression, insomnia& walking difficulties

Food sources of pyridoxine: germs of variousgrains and seeds, leafy vegetables, etc

Vitamin E therapy may prove useful for somebrain disorders and may postpone in thedegenerative disease of aging

Food sources of vitamine E: asparagus,avocado, egg, milk, nuts (almonds orhazelnuts), seeds, spinach and other green

leafy vegetables, unheated vegetable oils,wheat germ, wholegrain foods.

In elderly & in psychiatric patients, dietdeficient in B vitamins contribute to memoryloss, depression, dementia, and othercommon disorder

Nutrition is crucial during fetal & post-natalin determining brain development

Brain development disorder of any stagecauses intellectual & behavioral impairment

Adequate intake of vitamins & minerals are

essential for normal brain function

NEUROSCIENCE MODUL

Nutrition & Brain

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