OBJECTIVE: Review study guide.

• INTRO & OUTRO: None• DO NOW:– Take out Study Guide (finish quickly if need be)

• AGENDA: What you will need on EXAM Day– Pencil– Science Notebook– Note card– Anything to keep yourself quiet after the Exam

1. What is a mineral?

• Minerals are in rocks• Rocks are NOT in minerals• Solid• Crystalline structure• Naturally made• Inorganic

2. What is the difference between silicates and nonsilicates?

• Silicates – minerals contain Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)

• Nonsilicates – minerals that do not contain Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)

3. What are the seven ways to identify minerals? Describe each.

• Hardness – how tough a mineral is– Moh’s Hardness Scale 1(weak) – 10(strong)

• Color – what the visible light looks like• Fracture – along which planes a mineral breaks• Density – how much material the mineral contains (Mass ÷ Volume =

Density)• Luster – how shiny the mineral is• Streak – the powder of the mineral when scratched across a

porcelain plate• Texture – how rough or smooth the mineral feels• Crystalline Structure – the geometric shape of the mineral

4. Of the eight ways to identify minerals, which is the least helpful? Explain.

• Color– The same mineral can have many colors– Many minerals can have the same color

5. What is the difference between an element and a compound?

• Element – made of one particular atom• Compound – made of many different atoms

bonded together

6. What are the three types of rocks? Explain how each is made.

• Igneous – cooled magma• Sedimentary – rocks are weathered and

eroded and then compacted and cemented together

• Metamorphic – heat & pressure

7. What are the two types of igneous rocks? Explain the differences.

• Intrusive – cools inside, course-grained (large crystals) because magma cools slowly

• Extrusive – cools outside, fine-grained (small crystals) because magma cools quickly

8. What are strata (stratification) of a sedimentary rock?

• Strata – layering

9. What are the three types of sedimentary rock? Explain the differences.

• Clastic – made up of rock, mineral and organic fragments

• Chemical – made from minerals crystallizing in a water solution

• Organic – made of fossils and other once living material

10. What does the word metamorphic mean?

• Change shape

11. Which is the only type of rock than can have fossils in it? Why not the others?

• Sedimentary• The heat and pressure will destroy fossils

12. What are the two types of metamorphism? Explain the differences.

• Contact metamorphism – rock changes when it’s near magma

• Regional metamorphism – large area of rocks that change due the pressure of depth

13. What are the two types of metamorphic rock? Explain the differences.

• Foliated – have bands due to intense pressure• Nonfoliated – do not have bands, mostly due

to heat

14. What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources?

• Renewable resource – resources are replenished as quickly as they are taken

• Nonrenewable resource – resources that are limited and do not replenish as quickly

15. Give four examples of renewable and nonrenewable resources.

• Renewable resources– Wind– Water– Solar– Geothermal

• Nonrenewable resources– Fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas)– Animals– Plants– Minerals

How can we help conserve our nonrenewable resources?

• Reduce, reuse, recycle

What type of renewable resource would be the most abundant in the desert?

• Solar energy

18. What are the three compositional layers of the Earth? Describe each.

• Crust – solid, thinnest layer, made of rocks• Mantle – liquidy-solid, thickest layer /

convection currents occur here / made of magma

• Core – solid and liquid / made of iron

19. What are the five compositional layers of the Earth? Put them in order outer to inner and describe each.

• Lithosphere – solid rock layer / broken into tectonic plates / part of the crust

• Asthenosphere – liquidy-solid magma• Mesosphere – middle layer / magma is more

solid but still flows• Outer core – liquid iron• Inner core – solid iron

20. What happens to temperature and pressure as you travel to the center of the Earth?

• Both increase

21. What are the two types of crust? Explain differences.

• Oceanic – thin but dense• Continental – thick but less dense

22. What are tectonic plates?

• Broken pieces of the lithosphere that move on top of the asthenosphere

23. What are the nine major tectonic plates?

• North American• South American• African• Eurasian• Indian-Australian• Philippians• Pacific• Nazca• Antarctica

What are the three types of boundaries? Describe and give a location of each. Also,

what landforms do each create?

• Divergent – plates separate, Mid-Atlantic Ridge; mid-ocean ridge

• Convergent – plates collide, Mt. Everest; mountains and volcanoes

• Transform – plates slide past one another, San Andreas Fault; earthquakes

25. What is a subduction zone? Where does it occur?

• Convergent boundary• The denser plate sinks down into the mantle

26. What is sea-floor spreading?

• When magma reaches the surface and pushes to plates apart

• Divergent boundary

27. What are the three types of folds? Describe or draw a picture of each.

• Anticline – downward arch• Syncline – upward arch• Monocline – ends are parallel with a bend in

the middle

28. What are the three types of faults? Describe or draw a picture of each.

• Normal – hanging wall slides DOWN when pulled apart

• Reverse – hanging wall pushed UP when pushed together

• Strike-slip – slide past, like a transform boundary

29. What are the three types of mountains? Explain differences.

• Folded mountain – section of Earth pushed together creating rolling hills

• Fault-block mountain – section of Earth pulled apart creating fault blocks and creating sharp, jagged peaks

• Volcanic mountain – created by magma rising to the surface

30. What is the different between continental drift theory and plate tectonics theory?

• Continental drift theory – continents were being pushed across the ocean crust by sea-floor spreading

• Plate tectonics theory – lithosphere is broken into plates and those plates move by convection currents in the mantle

31. List three pieces of evidences that proved continental drift theory.

• Similar fossils on different continents• Continents fit like puzzle pieces• Mountain ranges match on different

continents

32. What is Pangaea?

• A single giant landmass that broke apart about 250MYA.

33. What are the three types of plate movement? Describe each.

• Slab pull – oceanic plate sinks and pulls the rest of the tectonic plate with it.

• Ridge push – plates push each other• Convection current - Cool magma sinks, warm

magma rises, circulating and moving the plates / occur in the mantle

34. Where do earthquakes occur?

• Plate boundaries

35. What are the three types of seismic waves? List the waves, their name, what

type of materials they can travel through, general speed and what kind

of seismic wave (body or surface).

• P wave – Primary, travel through solids and liquids, fastest, body wave

• S wave – Secondary, travel only through solids, slower, body wave

• L wave – Last, slowest, travel only on surface, most destructive

36. What can seismic waves tell us about earthquakes and the Earth?

• Start time of an earthquake• Location of an earthquake• Layers of the Earth

37. What is the safest thing you should do in an earthquake?

• Hide underneath a table or piece of strong furniture

38. What is the S-P Time Method used for? Explain.

• Determines the location of an earthquake.• Uses at LEAST three seismograph stations

39. Where do volcanoes form?

• Plate boundaries

40. Explain how violent and quiet eruptions occur in terms of gasses trapped, silica, viscosity

and the type of magma/lava produced.

• Violent eruptions – high silica makes the magma/lava very viscous and thick trapping the gasses

• Quiet eruptions – low silica makes the magma/lava less viscous and runny which doesn’t trap the gasses

41. Describe the three types of volcanoes in terms of shape, how it formed, type of eruption and lava.

• Shield volcano – large, wide flat / built layers of lava / quiet eruption / runny lava

• Composite volcano – broad base, steep slow / alternating layers of lava and ash / alternating quiet and explosive eruptions / thick and runny lava

• Cinder cone volcano – small / built from layers of ash / explosive eruptions / thick lava

42. Describe the crater, vent, and magma chamber of a volcano.

• Crater – funnel-shaped pit at the top of a volcano

• Vent – a tunnel that carries magma to the surface

• Magma chamber – cavern that fills with magma beneath a volcano

43. What is abrasion? What causes it?

• Abrasion is the chipping and breaking down of rock by water, wind, and gravity

44. What is mechanical weathering? Give six ways this occurs.

• Mechanical weathering – breaking down rocks by physical means– Wind– Water– Gravity– Ice - water expands when it freezes– Plants – roots break through rocks– Animals

45. What is chemical weathering? Give four ways this occurs.

• Chemical weathering – breaking down rocks by chemical reaction– Acids in water – dissolves rock underground to

create caves– Acids in living things– Acid precipitation– Rusting

46. What is soil?

• A mixture of rock fragments, organic material, water, and air that allows vegetation to grow

47. What are the four soil horizons? Describe each.

• Horizon O – organic matter• Horizon A – plants and animals live here• Horizon B – made of sediment• Horizon C – made of partially weathered rock

48. What is bedrock?

• Layer of rock beneath soil