Post on 31-Dec-2015
transcript
Objectives
• Analysis tools for determining cost and cost-effectiveness
Cost energy efficiency and renewables
• What is the appropriate cost of energy?• Huge variation nationally• Depends on customer• Depends on sector• Energy• Transmission• Distribution• Fuel
How much do you pay for electricity?
• 0.0177 $/kWh
• 0.0355 $/kWh
• 0.0532 $/kWh
• 0.1169 $/kWh
• Depends on how much I use
• Depends on what time of year
Rate (E01):
WinterBilling Months
November through April
SummerBilling Months
May through October
Customer Charge
$6.00 $6.00
Energy Rate (E01)
3.55¢ per kWh, first 500 kWh
3.55¢ per kWh, first 500 kWh
6.02¢ per kWh, for all
kWh over 500 kWh7.82¢ per kWh, over 500
kWh
Fuel Adjustment Clause (FAC) - plus an adjustment for variable costs, calculated according to the Fuel Adjustment Clause Tariff, multiplied by all kWh.
Primary Service
(For Rates: E01, E02, E03, E04, E05, E06, E10, E13, E14, E23, ENW)
January 1999 - July 2000 $ 0.01372
August 2000 - October 2000 $ 0.01635
November 2000 - January 2001 $ 0.02211
February 2001 - December 2001 $ 0.02682
January 2002 - June 2003 $ 0.01774
July 2003 - October 2003 $ 0.02004
November 1, 2003 - December 31, 2003 $ 0.02265
For electric bills received beginning January 1, 2004
$ 0.02796
Which state has the highest residential electricity rate?
• What determines this?
• Why are there large discrepancies?
• What are differences between utilities?
• What is deregulation?
Electricity Restructuring (Feb. 2003)
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_str/regmap.html (Feb. 2003)
What should you pay for electricity?
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/fact_sheets/retailprice.html
What should you pay for electricity?
• Is electricity cheaper or more expensive in Austin than in the rest of the world?
• 2002 numbers• Nuclear ($0.10/kWh)• Gas ($0.03/kWh)• Coal ($0.05/kWh)
What about natural gas?
• How is natural gas sold?
• What does it cost?
• http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/data_publications/natural_gas_monthly/current/pdf/table_21.pdf
• ~1000 BTU/ft3
• ft3 = cf, ccf = 100 ccf = 1therm
What does gas cost in Austin?
• Austin $0.78/ccf (March 2003)
• Austin $1.82/ccf (March 2004) or $0.24/ccf
• Gas prices rose 43% February to March 2003
• Gas market is heavily influenced by electricity market
• Gas market is more subject to manipulation
Question 1
• How much cheaper is it to heat with a gas furnace than a electric resistance furnace?
• Other issues• Fan (adds heat at electricity rate)• Pilot light (0.2 therm/day)• Safety• Equipment cost• Maintenance
Austin Energy Code Requirements
Glazing percent of gross wall area: 15% 18% 20% 25%
Exterior walls R-13 R-13 R-13 R-13
Floors over unconditioned space R-11 R-11 R-11 R-13
Attics and knee walls R-26 R-30 R-30 R-30
Glazing U-factor (max) 0.75 0.65 0.60 0.52
Question 2
• What is the cost/benefit of insulating my house with R-19 instead of R-13?
• 1150 ft2 of wall area
• 0.76 $/ft2 for R-13
• 1.70 $/ft2 for R-19
• How much does the answer change if I had gas heat?
Question 2 Issues
• How do we figure out how much heat I need?
• Weather data (what is relevant data?)
• Bill analysis (statistics)
• Modeling/simulation
Question 3
• ECJ 9.236 delamp from four 40W fluorescent tubes to two 34W tubes• Cost/fixture is $100• Assume constant ballast factor
• What is cost/benefit?
Question 3 issues
• What is cost of electricity?• http://www.austinenergy.com/rates/large-primary.
html
• How do you figure out savings from reduced cooling?
• How long are lights on?
• What other costs are important?
Question 4
• How much does sealing and/or insulating heating and cooling ducts save?
• Cost varies considerably
• ~Small homes, $350/home
• We are interested in the system efficiency• Overall impact of ducts
Duct System efficiency
Site T08, Eugene OR
• Efficiency went from ~ 40% to around 80%
• Electric resistance furnace
• Electricity was $0.05/kWh
• How would we figure out how much we would save?
Efficiency program evaluation
• Apply savings from a particular measure to a large number of buildings
• Assume statistical averages for population and building evaluation
• Can be significant deviation• Almost always overpredict savings
• Need to measure savings
Reminder: Cost of renewables
Fuel Cost US¢/kWh
Solar 30
Wave 9
Biomass 6
Wind 5
How much does conservation cost?
• Who is paying for it?• How long does a measure last?• What else can you do with the money?• How valuable is reducing pollution?• What common myths are out there?
• For duct sealing project shown above – cost was about 0.005 $/kWh
Savings
• Costs and benefits are tractable• Often not obvious• Require analysis and consideration of factors
removed from actual issue• Consider non-economic benefits
• LEED• Cost per point debate