ANIMALS…in generalUnit 2

• Objectives– How are animals classified

– General anatomical terms for various species

– Vocabulary indicating status of various species (male, female, altered, young, giving birth and terms to describe groups of animals

– Common expressions of animal behavior

Unit 2 Animals

• Every known living organism on Earth is classified and named by a set of rules– Taxonomy

•  Common names – You call your pet a dog or a cat or a

horse• Scientific names

– Scientists call those animals by a set of several names Dog – Canis familiaris  

Cat – Felidae catusHorse – Equus Caballus

Taxonomy

DOMAIN (just about everything)

KINGDOM (really really big) PHYLUM / DIVISION (divisions used for plants and fungi)CLASS

ORDER

FAMILY

GENUS

(genera if more than one)

SPECIES (very very specific)

VARIETY or SUBSPECIES(for geographic isolation). 

• Bacteria, Archaea, Eurkarya. – 3 domains used in modern

classification. – The domain EUKARYA 

• protists, fungi, plants, and animals.– Two domains BACTERIA and

ARCHAEA • different types of prokaryote

organisms. They are in different domains because of differences on a molecular level. (Ribosomal RNA)

Domains

1.Domain- based on ribosomal RNA similarities

2.Kingdom- based on nutritional procurement. Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, and Bacteria

3. Chordata (spinal chord)Mollusca (mollusks-which are soft) Arthropoda (segmented)Annelid (worms)

4. ClassAves (birds), Reptilia (reptiles), Amphibia (amphibians), Mammalia (mammals)

5. Order Mammalia can be broken down into Rodentia (mice, rats) Primates (Old- and New-World monkeys) Chiroptera (bats) Insectivora (shrews, moles) Carnivora (dogs, cats, weasels) Perissodactyla (horses, zebras) Artiodactyla (cows) Proboscidea (elephants)

• Family – The order Carnivora:

• Canidae (dogs) • Felidae (cats) • Ursidae (bears)• Hyaenidae (hyaenas, aardwolves)• Mustelidae (weasels, wolverines,

• Genus - similar related species – The family Felidae:

• Acinonyx (cheetah)• Panthera (lion, tiger), • Neofelis (clouded leopard) • Felis (domestic cats).

• Species - organisms look alike and are able to interbreed –The genus Panthera

• Panthera leo (lion) • Panthera tigris (tiger). 

• (Subspecies or Variety)

• Animalia• Animals are the most complex organisms on the

planet.• They must eat other organisms to survive.• They cannot create their own food because they do

not contain chlorophyll. • They are able to move around.• Most have sense organs of some type. • Because they have sense organs, they have nervous

systems. • Animals include species such as anemone, insects,

lizards, and mammals. 

Animals are kingdom Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Perissodactyla

Family: Equidae

Species: Equus caballus

• Order is Perissodactyla means "odd toed" and rhinos and tapirs belong to this order as well as horses.

How do we classify Horse

Genus is Equus

• The Equidae family consists of horses, and zebras – 9 species within this genus

• domestic horse or pony is "Equus caballus"

• The Equidae family – have a mane – 40-42 teeth – skulls with long nasal bones– herd animals and fast runners

preferring to flee from danger rather than face it.

– the Equidae family are herbivores

Scientific names follow a specific set of rules.• Scientists use a two-name system called

a Binomial Naming System. Describes the genus and species of the

organism. The first word is the genus and the second is the species. The first word is capitalized and the

second is not.Both words are always italicized.

Humans are scientifically named Homo sapiens. You may also see an abbreviation of this name as H. sapiens where the genus is only represented by the first letter.

• Leeuw vs Panthera leo

• Here is how scientists would describe a cat. Remember that only the last two words are used in the binomial naming system. 

ANIMALIA -- CHORDATA -- MAMMALIA -- CARNIVORA -- FELIDAE -- FELIS -- CATUS

•And then there is a dog... 

ANIMALIA -- CHORDATA -- MAMMALIA -- CARNIVORA -- CANIDAE -- CANIS -- FAMILIARUS

Domestic Dog and Cat

It's Never Black and White

Biology has many gray areas. Scientists will always debate and try to improve ideas and explanations.

For example: Ligers are the offspring of lions and tigers but they are not fertile offspring. Those two organisms are incredibly similar, genetically, but their differences are enough to make them separate species.

END OF CLASSIFICATION

Verbal “dissection”

Can you list the 15 anatomical parts of the dog indicated in the photo?

What breed of dog is this?

13

2

12

11

7

810

9

6

1415

1 2

3

45

Boston Terrier

• Working• Hound• Herding• Terrier• Toy• Non Sporting• Sporting

Some Dog Breeds

• The Herding group was created in 1983 and is the newest group that was classified by the American Kennel Club. 

•  A Herding dog is described as a dog that is easily trained to help with herding purposes.  Some of the dog breeds that fit under this category would be the Australian Cattle Dog, Australian Shepherds, Border Collies, and Old English Sheepdogs among others. 

• These dogs are great for herding for farm purposes among others, but require lots of space to run around and exercise.

Herding Dogs:

• Dogs in the Sporting group are often used for hunting, fishing, and other field/outdoor activities.  They have great instincts and are able to use their talents for activities like tracking.  The dogs in this group also require a ton of exercise because they are regularly very active.  Some dog breeds in this group include Brittanys, English Setters, Golden Retrievers, and Pointers.

Sporting Dogs: 

• Working dogs are bred in order to assist humans with different tasks such as pulling sleds, protecting/guarding property, and even police and rescue work.  Some breeds in the working class include St. Bernards, Siberian Huskys, Mastiffs, Akitas, Boxers, and Great Danes.  Because of their large size and the considerable amount of space they need along with their great strength, many of the breeds in this class are not desirable for many families of pets.

Working Dogs: 

• Non-Sporting dogs are commonly known as dogs developed for purposes other than sports.  These dogs range in size, appearance, and definitely personality wise.  Some of the breeds in this group include the American Eskimo Dog, Dalmation, Poodle, and the French Bulldog.

Non-Sporting Dogs: 

• Most Terriers are very energetic and have very little patience and tolerance for other dogs.  There are 25 different breeds in the Terrier class that are recognized breeds by the AKC.  Terriers are dogs that dig into the ground to capture their prey.  Some of the breeds that fit into the Terrier group include Irish Terriers, Australian Terriers, and Bull Terriers.

Terriers: 

• Hounds are most typically used for tracking because they have a fantastic sense of smell or sight. 

• They also have great stamina.  • Some breeds that would fall under the

Hound category would be the Beagle, Basset Hound, Greyhound, and the Norwegian Elkhound.

Hounds: 

• Dogs that fit into the Toy breed class are those that typically weigh between 4 and 16 pounds. 

• They tend to live longer lives and are easier to keep in a smaller area because of their size. 

• Pugs, Poodles, and Pomeranians all fit into the Toy Breed group.

Toy Breeds: 

Canine…..Dog

• Canine…Dog (Canis familiaris)– Stud intact male dog– Bitch intact female dog– Whelping giving birth– Pack group of dogs– Puppy young– Litter multiple

offspring

Animals: Dogs

Gestation9 weeks (63-65 days) (Def: from conception until birth)

• Most dogs go into heat 2 times a year, but it is common to skip one on occasion.

• While in heat she will be able to breed with more than the one male.

• She will be in heat for 3 weeks and her cycle will arrive every 6-9 months.

Video of live birth http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=M-rw4_cC1aEBirth of 5 cute maltese puppies

…some basics

• Feline…Cat (Felidae catus)– Tom intact male cat– Queen intact female cat– Whelping giving birth– Clowder group of cats– Kitten young– Litter multiple offspring

– Gestation 9 weeks (63-65 days) same as the dog

Animals: Cats

• Cats have a clavicle bone (dogs do not)

• Most cats don’t like sweet flavors• The term for “in heat” is called estrus

– (cats and dogs)–Behavioral signs are more obvious

than physical signs • Vocalizing loudly, rolling on the floor, elevated hindquarters

• Cats are induced ovulators– release egg only if mated– If not mated, goes back into estrus

2-3 weeks later

…some basics

• The average mixed breed cat is referred to as

a domestic longhaired or a domestic shorthaired cat– Abbreviated DLH or DSH

• Common Colors/ Color Patterns– Tabby, Calico, Tortoise Shell,

Chocolate/Flame Point, Snowshoe• Common Breeds

– Persian, Himalayan, Ragdoll, Maine Coon, Scottish Fold

– Siamese, Abyssinian, Sphynx, Russian Blue, Tonkinese, Cornish Rex

Cat Breeds

45

Domestic Shorthair-breedTortoise Shell-color pattern

46

Calico-color pattern

47

Siamese-breed

48

Ragdoll

49

Flame Point - color

• Cavy –Guinea Pig• Boar – intact male• Sow - intact female• Pup - young guinea pig• Group - group of guinea pigs • Gestation – 9 weeks (59–72

days)

Animals: Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jW3XtKBlTz0

• They are rodents…not pigs• They have poor eyesight, but great sense of smell and hearing

• Live about 4-6 years

…some basics

• They are social with each other and love to chatter and chirp

• Their teeth continue to grow• They are capable of breeding as

early as 4 or 5 weeks old.–can produce about 5 litters a year–Females can get pregnant 6 to 48

hours after giving birth (ugh!)

…more basics

Breeds and Colors

•There are 13 breeds•Different coat types•Different colors

• Lagomorph – Rabbit• Buck – intact male• Doe – intact female• Lapin- neutered male• Kit – young/baby rabbit• Kindling- giving birth• Herd-group of rabbits• Gestation-30 days

Animals: Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculu)

• Rabbits live about 9-12 years

• Rabbits cannot vomit• They reingest the soft droppings• Rabbits are useful for fur, rich

manure, food, or enjoyed as pets

…some basics

• Rabbits are hindgut digesters–This means they have a cecum wheremost of digestion occurs.

• Large Rabbits: Californian, American, Flemish Giant

• Interesting fur: Jersey Woolley, Angora

• Cylindrical body type: Himalayan• Small: Netherland Dwarf, Polish,

Holland Lop

Breeds

• Color Patterns: –Agouti- the hairs are “banded” with color and will usually have white “markings”

–Tan – regular self color on top, lighter “markings”

–Self - every hair on the rabbit is a single color, and there are no markings

Colors

• Positional or directional terms are important for accurately and concisely describing body locations and relationships of one body structure to another.

• Terms such as forward and backward, up and down, in and out, and side to side may not be clear enough for universal understanding.

Directional Terms

• Right – the animal’s right• Left- the animal’s left

• Cranial – towards the head• Caudal – towards the tail

• Dorsal – towards the back or uppermost surface

• Ventral – towards the belly or undermost surface

Dorsal and Ventral Direction• Dorsal-towards the back• Ventral-towards the abdomen (“belly”)

Dorsal

Ventral

Cranial and Caudal• Directional:

Cranial-towards the headCaudal-towards the tail

1.

2.

1.

2.

Caudal

Cranial

Caudal

Cranial

• Usually limbs–Proximal is close to the body

–Distal is away from the body

Proximal and Distal

• On the head–Rostral is towards the nose–Opposite direction will be called

caudal

Rostral

Anterior and Posterior

Anatomical Planes• Planes of the body: Planes are

imaginary lines used descriptively to divide the body into sections.– Median Plane, also called the

Midsagittal plane: plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves

– Sagittal plane: plane that divides the body into right and left parts (not equal)

• Dorsal Plane: Divides the body into dorsal and ventral

• Transverse Plane: Divides the body into cranial and caudal parts (not necessarily equal)

Anatomical Planes• Median Plane

– Divides the animal into EQUAL right and left half

• Caprine – goat• Buck – intact male• Doe – intact female• Wether – neutered male• Kid – young goat• Kidding – giving birth• Herd – group of goats• Gestation – 150 days

Animals: Goats

• Goats are curious and intelligent.• They have horizontal slit shaped eyes.• Goats normally give birth to twins.

…some basics

They have a four-chambered stomach consisting of the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum, and the abomasum.

• Meat goats – Savanna, Boer goats• Dairy goats- Alpine, La Mancha,

Nubian• Fur/ fiber goats – Angora, Cashmere• Pets – Pygmy goat, Icelandic goat

Some breeds

Nubian Goats

Pygmy Goat

Angoran Goat

• Porcine – pig• Boar-intact male• Sow-intact female• Barrow-neutered male• Gilt-young female• Piglet-young pig• Farrowing-giving birth• Herd- group of pigs• Gestation-3month, 3 weeks, 3 days

Animals: Pigs

• Pigs can weigh 110-770 pounds• They are intelligent and have a

strong sense of smell- they are trained to sniff out underground truffles in Europe

• Pigs are very vocal• Four hoofed toes- the two middle

bearing most of their weight

…some basics

• Pet Pigs: Pot Bellied Pigs, “Miniature” Pigs (Micro or Teacup)

• Domestic Pig (for meat production): American Landrace, American Yorkshire, Berkshire, Hampshire, Old Spot

Pig Breeds

• Flank• Stop• Withers• Hock• Stifle• Elbow• Muzzle• Pinna

Vocabulary

Anatomical Planes Activity