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Copyright © Siemens AG, 2016. All rights reserved.
World Energy Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, October 09 - 13, 2016
Off to new frontiers: Latest Gas Turbine Power Plant technology drives most environmental friendly, resource saving, affordable and reliable power generation Lothar Balling, Siemens AG, Power & Gas, Germany Gero Meinecke, Siemens AG, Power & Gas, Germany Zafer Gürsoy, Siemens AG, Power & Gas, Turkey
World Energy Congress in Istanbul, Turkey, October 09 - 13, 2016
Copyright © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved. 2
Abstract
This paper shows that combined-cycle power plants driven by advanced H-class GT technology
have proven to explore new terrain and to open frontiers in terms of wide-ranged and diverse mar-
ket and customer requirements. Highest power output, power density and efficiency, enhanced oper-
ational flexibility and grid support abilities, and advanced heat extraction solutions, as well as over-
all improved plant profitability and return on invest make them the power plant solution of choice
for different power generation markets worldwide. The recent projects in Germany and Egypt have
shown that the improved plant performance and abilities combined with comprehensive plant solu-
tion optimization and executional excellence will enable customers to successfully implement such
different power plant configurations as highly flexible combined heat and power plants with world
record efficiency and fuel utilization factors or, for example, large-scale base-load configurations
with highest power density and optimized cost of electricity. In any case, customers can expect to
achieve a real, quantifiable added value through optimized generation costs and at the same time set
new standards in terms of environmental friendliness and resource conservation. This makes ad-
vanced H-class gas turbine combined cycle power plants the ideal solutions to support further
growth of renewable power generation worldwide.
Keywords: combined-cycle power plants, gas turbine, H-class, advanced technology, operational
flexibility, profitability, sustainability, affordability, reliability, renewables
World Energy Congress in Istanbul, Turkey, October 09 - 13, 2016
Copyright © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved. 3
1. LATEST TECHNOLOGY COMBINED-CYCLE POWER PLANTS:
A GLOBAL SUCCESS STORY
Power generation markets around the world are facing constant change and the speed of change and
market diversification has also been rapidly increasing in recent years. In some regional markets, e.g.
in Europe, fossil fired and especially gas fired power generation is under pressure from the massive
growth of subsidized renewable power generation and declining electricity feed-in prices. At the same
time, regulators, grid operators and utilities are scrambling for generation solutions to cover residual
load and provide backup for fluctuating renewable infeed and to increase fuel utilization rates to
reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. In other regions, e.g. in Asia, Middle East and Northern
& Central Africa, national economies and along with it local power generation industries are still
growing. Here market players face the challenge to quickly build up a sustainable power generation
landscape, often within limited national investment budgets and to satisfy an ever growing electricity
demand triggered by population and economic growth, industrialization and urbanization.
In this dynamic and diverse market environment, combined-cycle power plants (CCPP) driven by
advanced H-class gas turbine technology have gained significant market share over the last years
and have firmly established themselves globally as advanced technology carriers and enable suc-
cessful power plant projects in a wide range of applications and plant configurations. The gas tur-
bine of the Ulrich Hartmann power plant unit in Irsching, Germany was the first of its kind to be
installed anywhere in the world by Siemens, establishing a new advanced gas turbine technology
and performance class with world records for efficiency and power density in 2011. It had already
undergone extensive testing as a prototype prior to entering commercial operation, producing excel-
lent results. Siemens has since sold about 80 H-Class turbines, of which more than 20 are in com-
mercial operation since 2011. Other OEMs are now following this advanced technology path.
The characteristics and value drivers of these advanced combined-cycle power plants are:
Higher power output
Significantly improved fuel efficiency
Reduced fuel consumption
Reduced CO2 and other emissions
Overall improved conservation of natural resources
Enhanced operational flexibility
Improved integration of district heating and steam extraction applications
Advanced grid support abilities
Better economy of scale and increased power density
World Energy Congress in Istanbul, Turkey, October 09 - 13, 2016
Copyright © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved. 4
In the following chapters we would like to discuss two fundamentally different power generation
markets as examples: Germany and Egypt. We will show how advanced combined-cycle power
plants can be adapted to support demands and customer needs in these very diverse market envi-
ronments and to drive successful power plant projects, which provide maximized customer value to
their owners and operators.
2. FOCUS MARKET GERMANY
Looking at Germany, we do see a power generation market, which reached saturation many years
ago and where electricity demand is expected to decline in mid- and long-term due to increasing
efficiency on the consumption side in industrial, commercial and residential sectors. At the same
time renewable share in power generation is continuously growing, achieving already > 25% in
2015, and is expected to contribute more than 55% of total power production in 2030.
Hard coal
Nuclear
Gas
Oil
Others
Lignite
Renewables
WindBiomass
Solar
WasteWater
renewable part preliminary
Fig. 1 Power generation in Germany 2014, 625 TWh in total
Source: German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi)
This development was triggered by the energy change policy of the German Federal Government.
Renewables are not only expected to fill the production gap of nuclear power plants, which will be
shut down step by step by 2022, but are today already displacing fossil fired power generation via
low electricity production cost.
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Fig. 2 Power plant structure in the Reference Forecast and Trend Scenario by energy source,
2011-2050 in GW. Source: German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi)
According to the reference forecast and most likely scenario, installed generation capacity of Ger-
man power plants is expected to rise at a low although steady rate due to further expansion of solar
and wind power.
At the same time, generation from coal-fired plants is going to be reduced continuously by phasing
out old, inefficient generation. The speed of decrease mainly depends on further political decision
and on the value of CO2. This will most probably influence the growth of gas fired power generation
in large, medium or small scale beyond 2020 with the goal to cover residual load and to provide
back-up capacity for the fluctuating and not fully predictable renewable power generation.
High ramps High power output
Fig. 3 Challenging energy market in Germany: February 2016
Source: Fraunhofer ISE, last update: 2016-02-20 23:14
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The figure above shows the volatile and in part unpredictable nature of renewable power infeed. In
the selected time period in February 2016 everything was possible between 0 and 40 GW productive
capacity, about 50% of the installed renewable capacity. This means that fossil fired power plants
need to cover the resulting residual load between demand and renewable infeed and also need to
function as backup for unforeseen events like clouds or calms and renewable generation prediction
errors. These situations call for fast starting, highly flexible power plants, which are able to load
follow the changing residual load curve rapidly and which are large enough to provide the necessary
generation capacities with high efficiency, highest power density and lowest CO2 footprint. Ad-
vanced gas turbine technology CCPPs are the ideal partners for renewables to do this job.
2.1. H-class technology is the key to successful cogeneration projects
A major application for gas turbine based power plants in Germany is combined heat and power
(CHP) projects – also termed cogeneration. The importance of CHP plants for the German power
generation market is highlighted by the current market forecast that 2 out of 3 new built large com-
bined-cycle power plants are expected to be combined heat and power configurations in the next
years. In a CHP plant a part of the steam is extracted at suitable steam conditions and used as pro-
cess steam, e.g. for industrial or chemical processes or for district heating. Although electricity pro-
duction is going down a little bit in a CHP plant, because steam flow through the steam turbine is
reduced, the overall fuel utilization rate of a CHP plant considering electricity and heat production is
considerably higher compared to conventional power plants in condensing mode. With electrical
efficiency higher than 61% and an overall fuel utilization efficiency in cogeneration of up to 85%,
the carbon footprint of a modern H- class combined-heat and power plant with an output of 600MW
will always have a markedly lower footprint, higher electrical efficiency and lower emissions com-
pared to a highly distributed generation setup. Initial power infeed to compensate for grid fluctua-
tions is also available within five minutes after startup command when the gas turbine synchronizes
with the grid. The rotating mass of the large scale unit alone is an essential factor to grid stability.
The inertia of the rotor of a 400-ton gas turbine combined with that of a coupled steam turbine and
generator at 3,000 revolutions per minute dampens frequency fluctuations in the system. Combined
heat and power generation provides further leverage for optimizing fossil fuel utilization and there-
by reducing emissions. Many independent organizations such as the International Energy Agency
(IEA) advocate cogeneration, and Germany's Federal Government would also like to see about one
quarter of net controllable power generation in Germany coupled with heat production by 2020.
Germany's amended Combined Heat and Power Act of 2016 now supports cogeneration plants with
outputs exceeding 2MW. This applies up to a plant's 30,000th hour of full-load operation. The
change from a maximum time period for subsidization to the number of operating hours takes into
World Energy Congress in Istanbul, Turkey, October 09 - 13, 2016
Copyright © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved. 7
account the reduced operating times of combined-cycle power plants in their new role, thereby
providing additional incentives for investment.
2.1.1. Showcase CHP: the “Fortuna” combined-cycle unit at
Düsseldorf’s Lausward Power Station
The new combined heat and power plant “Fortuna” developed by Stadtwerke Düsseldorf and exe-
cuted in cooperation with Siemens at Lausward Power Station in Düsseldorf's inland harbor is a
cutting edge combined-cycle power plant with performances far exceeding those customarily
achieved by power generating units of this type.
By using innovative technologies, state-of-the-art engineering and the pooled expertise for optimum
power plant solutions, the project partners have ensured that environmentally friendly electric power
and district heat can be generated most economically for a low-carbon future under the new CHP
scheme – and in doing so have set three new world records.
Highest electrical power generating density– The centerpiece of the power plant is a single Sie-
mens model SGT5-8000H gas turbine. Together with the downstream steam turbine of Siemens
SST5-5000 series, these combined cycles deliver 603.8MW of net electrical generating capacity out
of the single generator in between – a level unmatched by any other single unit combined-cycle
plant in the world.
Highest efficiency – Fortuna's 61.5% proven electrical net efficiency exceeds even the previous
world record of 60.75% set by the Ulrich Hartmann combined-cycle unit at Irsching Power Station
in southern Germany. A triple-pressure Benson® steam generator that produces steam to tempera-
tures of up to 600°C at 170 bar and further innovations in the cycle makes this high electric efficien-
cy rating possible.
Best use of waste heat – To supply the city of Düsseldorf with district heat, steam is extracted from
three different steam turbine sections in volumes of up to 300MW of thermal energy in combined-
cycle operation – the most thermal energy extracted from a single power plant unit anywhere in the
world. The plant's high electrical efficiency combined with its efficient use of heat generated in the
power production process increases fuel efficiency of the natural gas in this case to around 85%.
The implementation of the new high-efficiency combined-cycle power plant in Düsseldorf presents the
solution to the task of substantially expanding the city's network for environmentally friendly and
convenient district heating.
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Copyright © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved. 8
“Fortuna” Düsseldorf SCC5-8000H 1S
Electrical generating
capacity 603.8 MWel
net
Efficiency 61.5% net
Gas turbine SGT5-8000H
Steam tur-bine SST5-5000
Generator SGen5-3000W
District heat extraction 300 MWth
Overall fuel efficiency approx. 85%
Fig. 4 Key facts: “Fortuna” Düsseldorf CHP power plant
The project for "Expanding the district heating grid on the west bank of the Rhine River at Düsseldorf"
kicked off already in October 2011 by installing the piping network in the city's districts of Heerdt and
Lörick – where one of the most modern office building complexes in Germany has been built, in terms
of efficiency and environmental compatibility – and further expansions are to follow. Infrastructure
and spatial conditions at the power plant site also enable the economical erection of a large heat
storage facility that will significantly increase the use of thermal energy produced by the combined-
cycle plant for cogeneration purposes. Stored cogeneration heat can then be fed to the grid when the
combined-cycle unit is not in operation. Integrating this large industrial facility into the center of a
major city also succeeded because importance was placed on harmonic architecture and minimal
emission of noise and other pollutants. A design competition was held to ensure the facility's
architecture was optimally integrated into the surrounding environs, which produced the winning
design created by the architectural firm kadawittfeldarchitektur. The building complex not only
enhances the cityscape, but also embraces and communicates the pioneering nature of the facility. One
particular highlight is the large "City Window" that faces the center of the city and encloses portions
of the facility in glass. Special design features ensure a high level of protection for birds. Visitors take
an elevator to reach a 45-meter-high viewing platform.
Compared to the average plant emissions of all coal-fired power plants within the European Union, a
natural gas-fueled combined-cycle power plant operating at 61.5 percent efficiency for 3,800 operating
hours cuts carbon dioxide emissions by some 1.6 million tons. This is equivalent to the emissions of
800,000 new automobiles, each clocking 15,000 kilometers a year. A forest covering some 160,000
hectares - corresponding to the area of London - would be needed to compensate for this quantity of
HRSG: BensonTM
3Pr/RH 600 °C/170 bar
Gas Turbine: SGT5-8000H
Steam Turbine: SST5-5000Multi Purpose Building incl. District Heating
Steam ExtractionHeating Condensers
Transformers
District Heating Pipelines
Generator: SGen5-3000W
ArchitectualHighlight(City Window to Center of Duesseldorf)
World Energy Congress in Istanbul, Turkey, October 09 - 13, 2016
Copyright © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved. 9
CO2. Even compared to the most modern combined-cycle power plants fitted with Siemens F-Class
gas turbines, that 61.5% figure represents savings of 6,700 tons of natural gas fuel and 18,500 tons of
CO2 emissions, every year.
Fig. 5 Architectural highlight: the “Fortuna” combined-cycle unit at Düsseldorf’s Lausward
Power Station. Source: kadawittfeldarchitektur
In district heating operation emissions sink even further, to 230 grams per kilowatt-hour (g/kWh)
equivalent. The design is thus sustainable and ecological, and contributes significantly towards the city
of Düsseldorf's ambitious climate protection goals of achieving climate and thus carbon neutrality by
the year 2050, which for Düsseldorf means reducing carbon dioxide emissions to two tons per capita.
2.2. Operational flexibility enables power plant dispatchability and profitability
Fossil fuel power plants will continue to play an important role in the energy mix of the future. Our
highly efficient combined-cycle power plants and cogeneration plants demonstrate that climate pro-
tection and fossil fuel power generation can go hand in hand. These plants are used when available
wind and solar power is inadequate. Ultimately, all of us, and especially our industries, rely on con-
tinuous, uninterrupted supply of electric power and need power plants that unite a number of fun-
damental characteristics: They must be highly efficient, environmentally compatible, economical
and - in particular - flexible. In the Fortuna power plant unit at Lausward Power Station a broad
range of Siemens technologies were introduced to enable the project to meet this requirement for the
greatest possible flexibility and thereby offer the customer true added value over conventional solu-
tions. Below are presented the various technologies and solutions implemented in Lausward's Fortu-
na unit that enable this flexibility. All noted results and performance values have been tested and
validated in operation.
Fast Starting (hot and warm Co-Start)
Our Co-Start technology enables plant operators to start their units quickly and efficiently under
hot-start conditions, i.e. to re-start units after a period of shutdown typically lasting eight hours or
World Energy Congress in Istanbul, Turkey, October 09 - 13, 2016
Copyright © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved. 10
less. We consequentially reduce fuel costs during the startup phase and increase plant responsive-
ness to rapidly changing market conditions, enabling plant operators to start units rapidly and pre-
cisely at that point in time when favorable market conditions are effective. We succeed in shortening
startup times under hot-start conditions by starting the gas and steam turbines simultaneously, con-
trary to conventional startup procedures for combined-cycle units. The gas turbine starts and runs
up, increasing its output at the steepest possible gradient right up to full load without waiting for
staggered startup of the steam turbine, as customarily practiced. The new hot-start procedure with
this Co-Start solution is governed by optimized instrumentation and controls in the DCS system.
Warm starts, meaning unit re-start after a weekend shutdown lasting typically up to 48 hours, have
also been accelerated by using our Co-Start technology. The improved startup procedure is basically
achieved by implementing the same technical measures and modifications of the startup process as
for hot starts, the only difference being the different temperature and pressure conditions in the heat
recovery steam generator considered by the instrumentation and control system after the longer pe-
riod of shutdown. Despite extensive acceleration of these startup processes, component service life
is not adversely impacted.
Plan
t Loa
d
Start-up Time
Co-Start
hot
< 25 min
Conventional start
50 min
Start-up Time
Plan
t Loa
d
Co-Start
warm
90 min.
45 min.
ConventionalStart
Fig. 6 Hot Co-Start Warm Co-Start
The verification and validation of the performance improvements enabled by Co-Start technology at
the Fortuna unit of Lausward Power Station showed that run-up time for hot starts was drastically
shortened from the customary 50 minutes to under 25 minutes. Significant fuel savings were
achieved by raising efficiency during startup, which resulted in reduced CO2 emissions and
improved unit cost-effectiveness and thus profitability thanks to lower fuel costs. Material stress test
results showed reduced fatigue stressing of the steam turbine. The overall lower plant startup costs
lead to more operating hours due to increased plant demand and capacity utilization by the load
distributor.
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Copyright © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved. 11
Increasing load change gradients (Flex-Ramp)
Enhanced power plant flexibility involves not just fast startup procedures: load change gradients
during load operation (meaning the speed at which unit output can be changed) should also be as
high as possible in a flexible, rapidly responsive power plant. We achieve this by using our Flex-
Ramp technology. The load-change gradient of a combined-cycle power plant is determined by the
combined ramping speeds of the gas turbine and steam turbine.
In order to achieve the highest possible overall gradient, the gas turbine load is changed at the highest
possible and technically allowable gradient. And when a rapid drop in power output is desired, ramp-
ing down the steam turbine load is extensively accelerated with the aid of Flex-Ramp. This technolo-
gy increases the load change gradient of a combined-cycle power plant unit by 20MW per minute over
and above the gradient of the gas turbine. As a result of these measures, the Fortuna unit at Lausward
Power Station is able to run upward and downward load ramping at 55MW per minute.
Plan
t Loa
d
Operating Time
~ 40%.
5 min
3 min
5 min
11 min 11 min
Flex-Ramp
+20 MW/min
Baseline CC35-40 MW/min
3 min
Fig. 7 Flex-Ramp
These improvements enable power plant operators to enhance their participation in the secondary
reserve market and increase the cost-effectiveness and thus profitability of their units thanks to in-
creased revenue. Operators can also increase the capacity utilization and operating hours of their
units, as the load distributor will more frequently turn to flexible, rapidly responding power plants
with high load change gradients.
Impacts of increased operating flexibility
All of the solutions described above contribute to improving profitability, lowering the variable gen-
erating costs and emissions of power plants. As in liberalized electricity markets like Germany's
those power plants with the lowest variable power production costs are granted first access to the
grid in accordance with the merit order, all in all these new technologies will gain a power plant
more advantageous positioning in the merit order curve against high emission coal plants. The pref-
erential grid access and more frequent demand from the grid operator result in more operating
hours, better capacity utilization and optimized power production, and ultimately improves total
emission situation.
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Copyright © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved. 12
3. FOCUS MARKET EGYPT
The power generation market in the Middle East and North Africa is currently one of the largest and
most active in the world. Providing energy to fuel domestic economic and population growth re-
mains a key priority for the region particularly in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the UAE and Egypt. The
power generation in this region is not only supplying electricity, but is also powering water desalina-
tion (reverse osmosis and thermal desalination) and thus directly influencing the availability of po-
table water in the region. More generation, including more gas fired generation is needed to achieve
these goals. Energy demand in this region is continuously increasing and the expectation of contin-
ued growth at the current pace is leading some countries to re-think their basic energy mix policies.
Power plant projects with up to 3-4 GW per project are common in this region. These projects are
significantly larger than in any other region worldwide and the successful execution of these mega
projects become both technically and logistically an increasingly important factor for the Middle
East and North African power generation market. Any delay in project execution implies an imme-
diate threat on the security of supply. The future power generation market development in Egypt is
characterized by the constant growth of power generation as well as installed capacity driven by
population and economic growth, in line with the overall market development trends in the region as
discussed above. In the next decade an annual electricity production growth rate of around 4.5% and
the more than doubling of current installed capacity are expected. 80% of power generated is cur-
rently produced from natural gas. This share is expected to remain stable in the future, making gas
fired power plants the key elements of the energy landscape in Egypt now and tomorrow.
Power Generation 2014-30[TWh/a]
139190 249 291
Nuclear
Oil
Coal
4.5%
Gas
Wind
2030
9
Renewables363
2025
180
26
13
15304
16
2020
247
28
2014 Fig. 9 Egypt Power generation market 2014-2030, Source: Siemens
Egypt’s energy policy is characterized by a liberalized but government driven energy sector with long-
term successful international collaboration. In the power sector current mega projects for power plants
and grid extension are needed to stabilize power supply and to enable economic growth. Available
power generation capacity is currently directly absorbed by demand. Recent gas discoveries in the
Mediterranean may allow Egypt to return to a net energy export country soon and a limited LNG im-
[GW]
13
24
34
6 68 7
8
5 16
15
CCPP(incl. IGCC)
SCPP
SPP
Nuclear
Hydro
Solar
Wind
Engines
2030
82
3
Cap. Add. 15 - 30
54
Ret. 15 - 30
-93
2014
37
4
3
4
Installed Capacity 2014-30
World Energy Congress in Istanbul, Turkey, October 09 - 13, 2016
Copyright © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved. 13
port infrastructure is being build-up. Limited national budgets or financing constraints in developing
countries are calling for cost effective power generation solutions, which means that not only the low
specific investment of large plants due to their economy of scale is in focus, but also highest possible
power density. High environmental standards are also an important aspect when it comes to ensuring
and unlocking necessary international funding and financial aid for such large international power
plant projects. And finally, project execution speed is of the essence as every MW power generation
capacity going online will immediately help to further develop the country and its economy. Review-
ing the above mentioned market requirements it becomes clear that H-class advanced GT technology
combined-cycle power plants are the ideal solution to meet these requirements.
3.1. Showcase: Egypt Mega Projects
Together with Egypt’s people, Siemens is building a foundation for progress to unlock Egypt's vast
potential with the three mega combined cycle projects Burullus, New Capital and Beni Suef and
further power generation and distribution infrastructure. Siemens has signed contracts worth €8 bil-
lion for high-efficiency natural gas-fired power plants and wind power installations that will boost
Egypt's power generation capacity by more than 50 percent compared to the currently installed base.
Fig. 10 Egypt Mega projects, Source: Siemens
The projects will add an additional 16.4 gigawatts (GW) to Egypt's national grid to support the
country's rapid economic development and meet its growing population's demand for power. To-
gether with local Egyptian partners Elsewedy Electric and Orascom Construction, Siemens will
supply on a turnkey basis three highly efficient and environmental friendly natural gas-fired com-
bined cycle power plants, each with a capacity of 4.8GW, for a total combined capacity of 14.4GW.
World Energy Congress in Istanbul, Turkey, October 09 - 13, 2016
Copyright © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved. 14
Each of the three power plants –- Beni Suef, Burullus and New Capital – will be powered by eight
advanced Siemens H-Class gas turbines, selected for their highest power density, record-breaking
efficiency and subsequently low emissions. In addition, Siemens is also supplying about 600 wind
turbines for 12 wind farms with another 2 GW clean power generation spread over the country and
adds value and education to the people by creating more jobs in the generation facilities and also in
blade factories.
Siemens has been doing business in Egypt since 1859 and has maintained a continuous presence in
the country since opening its first office in Cairo in 1901. The company's technology has been im-
plemented in the Attaka, Nubaria, Talkha, Damietta, Sidi Krir, Cairo West, Ayoun Mousa, Midelec
and El Kureimat power plants. The three mega fossil plants will add power to the grid in stages.
Once completed, the three power plants will be the largest H-class plants in the world providing
efficient and clean power generation into the region.
World Energy Congress in Istanbul, Turkey, October 09 - 13, 2016
Copyright © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved. 15
4. CONCLUSION
Combined-cycle power plants using most advanced H-class GT technology provide highest power
output, power density and efficiency, enhanced operational flexibility and grid support abilities. The
possibility to power advanced heat extraction solutions, as well as overall improved plant profitabil-
ity and return on invest make them the preferred power plant solution for a wide range of customer
and market requirements in different power generation markets worldwide. Improved plant perfor-
mance and abilities combined with comprehensive plant solution optimization and executional ex-
cellence will enable customers to successfully implement such different power plant configurations
as highly flexible combined heat and power plants with world record efficiency and fuel utilization
factors or, for example, large-scale base-load configurations with highest power density and opti-
mized cost of electricity. Best examples for this wide and flexible application and solution range are
the recent combined-cycle power plant projects in Korea,Germany and Egypt. Customers will
achieve a real, quantifiable added value through optimized generation costs and at the same time set
new standards in terms of environmental friendliness and resource conservation. Advanced H-class
gas turbine combined cycle power plants are the ideal solutions to satisfy an increasing power gen-
eration demand in a sustainable, resource-saving and affordable way and to support further growth
of renewable power generation worldwide.
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Copyright © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved. 16
5. REFERENCES
[1] Schlesinger, M., Lindenberger, D., Lutz, C. 2014. Development of Energy Markets – Energy
Reference Forecast. Project No. 57/12, Study commissioned by the German Federal Ministry of
Economics and Technology, Berlin
[2] Fraunhofer Institue for Solar Energy Systems ISE. 2016. German Renewable Energy
Production, update 2016-02-20 23:14, https://www.energy-charts.de
World Energy Congress in Istanbul, Turkey, October 09 - 13, 2016
Copyright © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved. 17
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