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INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
OPTIMISING THE TRAINING LOAD DURING THE PRE-TAPER PHASE
Yann LE MEUR1
Collaborators: Julien LOUIS1, Anael AUBRY1, Ludmilla BAUDRILLART1, Jacques GUÉNERON1, Benjamin MAZE², Frank BIGNET², Jean Benoît CORCUFF3,
Stéphane HATEM4, Richard ISNARD4, Aaron COUTTS5, Robert DUFFIELD5 & Christophe HAUSSWIRTH1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
… but how hard ?
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
TRAINING RECOVERY
INTRODUCTION
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF FATIGUE
❺ NON FUNCTIONAL
OVERREACHING
❻ OVERTRAINING
SYNDROME
❷ MODERATE FATIGUE
❶ NO FATIGUE
❸ ACUTE FATIGUE
❹ FUNCTIONAL
OVERREACHING
Meeusen et al. MSSE 2013
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF FATIGUE
❺ NON FUNCTIONAL
OVERREACHING
❻ OVERTRAINING
SYNDROME
❷ MODERATE FATIGUE
❶ NO FATIGUE
❸ ACUTE FATIGUE
❹ FUNCTIONAL
OVERREACHING
Meeusen et al. MSSE 2013
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF FATIGUE
Train hard or go home!
ACUTE FATIGUE
High perceived fatigue
No performance decrement after a 24/36h rest
period,
Performance supercompensation
24/36h
performance baseline
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
Train hard or go home!
Very high perceived fatigue
Short-term performance decrement,
Performance restoration takes from several days
to several weeks,
Performance supercompensation
FUNCTIONAL OVERREACHING
Several days to several weeks
THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF FATIGUE
performance baseline
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
Train hard or go home!
Very intense perceived fatigue
Short-term decrement in performance capacity (< 1 month),
Performance restoration…
… with no performance supercompensation
NON FUNCTIONAL
OVERREACHING
Several weeks
THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF FATIGUE
performance baseline
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
Train hard or go home!
… Very intense perceived fatigue
Long-term performance decrement (> 1 month)
THE OVERTRAINING
SYNDROME
> One month
THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF FATIGUE
performance baseline
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
WHICH STRATEGY TO CHOOSE ?
❺ NON FUNCTIONAL
OVERREACHING
❻ OVERTRAINING
SYNDROME
Meeusen et al. MSSE 2013
❷ MODERATE FATIGUE
❶ NO FATIGUE
❸ ACUTE FATIGUE
❹ FUNCTIONAL
OVERREACHING
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
❸ ACUTE FATIGUE
❹ FUNCTIONAL
OVERREACHING
❺ NON FUNCTIONAL
OVERREACHING
❻ OVERTRAINING
SYNDROME
Meeusen et al. MSSE 2013
❷ MODERATE FATIGUE
❶ NO FATIGUE
WHICH STRATEGY TO CHOOSE ?
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
F-OR: THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY ?
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
OBJECTIVES
1. To examine whether the
development of a functional
overreaching state leads to
greater performance
supercompensation in
comparison to acute fatigue
strategy
?
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
OBJECTIVES
2. To better understand the potential
factors associated with the functional
overreaching development, including:
physiological parameters,
psychological parameters,
behavioral parameters.
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
PROTOCOL
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
% h
abit
ual
load
) 100%
60%
130%
Control group (n = 12)
Phase II (1 week)
Phase III (3 weeks) Simulated Taper
(4 weeks)
Pre
Phase I (3 weeks)
Post
T1
T2
T3
T4
STUDY DESIGN
Overloading
100%
60%
130%
Phase I (3 weeks) Phase II
(1 week)
Phase III (3 weeks)
Overload training group
(n = 28)
Simulated Taper (4 weeks)
Post
T1
T2
T3
T4
Pre
Aubry et al. MSSE 2014
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
Pu
issan
ce (
W)
100W
+25W par 2min
EXERCISE TEST
36h rest period before each test
Same day, same hour
Controlled diet during the last 48h
Hydration guidelines
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
ADHERENCE TO THE TRAINING PROTOCOL
7 subjects did not follow the prescribed training due to injury or personal obligations
Control group: n = 10 Overload group: n = 23
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
TRA
ININ
G L
OA
D (
% h
abit
ual
load
)
Overloading
100%
60%
130%
Phase I (3 weeks)
Phase II (1 week)
Phase III (3 weeks)
Overload training group
(n = 23)
Simulated Taper (4 weeks)
Post
T1
T2
T3
T4
Pre
STUDY DESIGN
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
THE OVERLOAD GROUP
• HIGH PERCEIVED FATIGUE
• PRESERVED & ENHANCED
PERFORMANCE
• VERY HIGH PERCEIVED FATIGUE
• DECREASED PERFORMANCE
ACUTE FATIGUE
n = 12
FUNCTIONAL
OVERREACHING
n = 11
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
THREE GROUPS
Control group n = 12
Overload group n = 28
Control group n = 10
Acute Fatigue n = 12
F-OR group n = 11
2 out
5 out
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
THE PERFORMANCE REBOUND
†††
†††
##
†# ††
†
* vs. Pre # vs. CTL † vs. F-OR
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Pre Post T1 T2 T3 T4 Pe
rfo
rman
ce c
han
ge (
% P
re)
Control
Acute Fatigue
Functional overreaching
Aubry et al. MSSE 2014
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
THE PERFORMANCE REBOUND
* vs. Pre # vs. CTL † vs. F-OR
10 ± 7W 18 ± 8W 9 ± 4W
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
PEAKING OCCURENCE
Train hard or go home!
Acute fatigue
Functional overreaching
Control
∆?
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
Aubry et al. MSSE 2014
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Post T1 T2 T3 T4
Occ
urr
en
ce o
f p
eak
pe
rfo
rman
ce
(n
b/w
ee
k)
Control
Acute Fatigue
F-Overreaching
Ø
75% of peak
performances within
the two first weeks
PEAKING OCCURENCE
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
SUBJECTS &TRAINING CHARACTERISTICS
Age Height
(cm)
Weight
(kg)
MAP
(W)
VO2max
(mLO2/
min/kg)
Weekly training characteristics Endurance
sports
experience
(years) Volume
(h)
Distribution
of intensity in
Z1, 2 and 3
(%)
Nb of swim/
cycle/ run
sessions
Control 37 183 75 355 58 12 62/30/8 3/3/3 13
Acute
Fatigue 33 179 74 354 59 13 65/26/9 3/3/3 15
Functional
Overreaching 36 180 73 369 61 14 64/30/7 3/5/3 12
No significant difference between groups at baseline
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
PHASE BASELINE TAPER OVERLOAD TAPER
Duration (week) 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Control
Weekly volume (h/m) 12 ± 3 6 ± 1 12 ± 2 12 ± 2 12 ± 2 6 ± 1 6 ± 1 6 ± 1 6 ± 1
Distribution of training
intensity in zone 1, 2 and 3 (%) 62/30/8 67/26/7 67/26/7 66/26/8 65/27/8 64/28/8 63/28/9 62/28/8 66/26/8
Weekly number of swimming,/
cycling, running sessions 3/3/3 2/3/3 3/3/3 3/3/3 3/3/3 2/3/3 2/3/3 2/3/3 2/3/3
Acute
Fatigue
Weekly volume (h/m) 13 ± 3 7 ± 1 17 ± 3 17 ± 3 17 ± 3 7 ± 1 7 ± 1 7 ± 1 7 ± 1
Distribution of training
intensity in zone 1, 2 and 3 (%) 65/26/9 64/26/9 65/26/9 65/27/8 65/27/8 60/30/10 61/29/10 61/29/10 60/30/10
Weekly number of swimming,
cycling, running sessions 3/3/3 2/3/3 3/3/3 3/3/3 3/3/3 2/3/3 2/3/3 2/3/3 2/3/3
F-OR
Weekly volume (h/m) 14 ± 3 7 ± 1 18 ± 3 19 ± 3 19 ± 3 7 ± 1 7 ± 1 7 ± 1 7 ± 1
Distribution of training
intensity in zone 1, 2 and 3 (%) 64/30/7 68/26/6 69/25/6 68/26/6 68/26/6 66/26/8 64/28/8 65/27/8 67/25/8
Weekly number of swimming,
cycling, running sessions 3/5/3 2/4/3 4/5/3 4/5/3 4/5/3 3/4/3 3/4/3 3/4/3 3/4/3
TRAINING MONITORING
No significant difference between groups in training parameters
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
SO LET’S GO
A LITTLE BIT
FURTHER!
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE DURING EXERCISE
Oxygen uptake
Ventilatory parameters
Cardiac output
Blood lactate
concentration
Plasmatic
catecholamines
concentration
Arterial blood
pressures
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
* Different from Pre, p < 0.05
MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE
4100
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
Control Acute Fatigue F - Overreaching
Max
imal
oxy
gen
up
take
(m
l/m
in/k
g)
Pre
Post
T2
*
Le Meur et al. JAP 2014
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
Different from Pre, p < 0.05; † Different from Post, p < 0.05
CARDIAC FATIGUE ?
Le Meur et al. JAP 2014
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
Different from Pre, p < 0.05; † Different from Post, p < 0.05
CARDIAC FATIGUE ?
Le Meur et al. JAP 2014
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
Different from Pre, p < 0.05; † Different from Post, p < 0.05
CATECHOLAMINES RESPONSE
Le Meur et al. JAP 2014
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
QUESTIONNAIRES
Health
monitoring
questionnaire
(URTI & GI
infections
symptoms)
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
INFECTIONS
Hausswirth et al. MSSE 2014
Phase Baseline Overload Taper
TOTAL Week
number I II III IV V VI VII VIII
CTL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
AF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
F-OR 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 8
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
SLEEP
Hausswirth et al. MSSE 2014
No significant change in the AF
and CTL groups.
F-OR group: decrease in actual
sleep duration, immobile time and
sleep efficiency;
These alterations disappeared
during the taper phase.
* Different from Pre, p < 0.05
INSEP
Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
Training overload leading to functional
overreaching may induce higher risk of training
maladaptations, including:
o increased infection risks,
o sleep disturbances,
o symptoms of cardiac fatigue at exercise.
CONCLUSIONS
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
PERSPECTIVES
Further studies are needed to
confirm these findings (using
ecological performance tests),
Longitudinal monitoring of elite
athletes.
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Département de la Recherche – Institut National du Sport, de l’Expertise et de la Performance
TAKE HOME MESSAGES
Overload periods are essential for performance
enhancement;
Tapering is critical for the supercompensation
process,
Training periodisation should be continuoulsy
adapted, based on:
o performance responses after a short rest
period using regular testing training sessions,
o athletes’ feedback.