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1 O.Tarasov@Euroschool2013.JINR.RU

O.Tarasov@Euroschool2013.JINR.RU

Euroschool on Exotic Beams: 20th anniversary !

2 paying back tuition loans after 20 years…

Production of Exotic Beams @ Euroschools

“In-Flight Separation of Projectile Fragments” by David J. Morrissey and Brad M. Sherrill Lect. Notes Phys. 651,

113–135 (2004)

“Isotope Separation On Line and Post Acceleration” by Piet Van Duppen Lect. Notes Phys. 700,

37–77 (2006)

“Production and acceleration of rare-isotope beams” by Giovanni Bisoffi Euroschool 2012,

Athens, Greece

ISOL & In-flight methods, ion sources, accelerators et al.

http://iks32.fys.kuleuven.be/files/euroschool/2012_Giovanni_Bisoffi.zip

Preparing the technical part of experimental proposal

After discussions with some outstanding theorists,

professors, who have brilliant ideas for physical

motivation of an experiment,

it seems to me, that the good direction of this year

lectures is to create a manual how to prepare a technical

part of the proposal for the in-flight production and

selection experiment.

Step by step from the beginning with the use of examples

prepared with the LISE++ code.

What is approach to the

“Production of exotic beams” lectures at 2013 ?

Production of …. ??

• Production of

Exotic Beams

• Production of Radioactive Ion Beams

• Production and acceleration of rare-isotope beams (Euroschool 2012)

• Stable 12C is one of most exotic nuclei ?!

triple α process

• Do not speak in public a word

“radioactivity” that scares our

neighbors. They already have

problems with the radon in their

basements according to EPA

(Environmental Protection Agency).

We are not guilty for that!

• That is really rare for

the In-flight method,

mostly is

unachievable for the

ISOL method

• Stable 40Ca : $.32/oz,

whereas

stable 48Ca : $7M/oz

48Ca is exotic or rare?

Production of Fast Rare Ion Beams

Fast Rare Ion Beams

Please, do not mix with the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams!

Important step forward for FRIB

A note from Thomas Glasmacher

On August 1, 2013, the Department of Energy’s Office of Science (DOE-SC) approved

Critical Decision-2 (CD-2), Approve Performance Baseline, and Critical Decision-3a (CD-

3a), Approve Start of Civil Construction and Long Lead Procurements, for the Facility for

Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) project. CD-2 formally establishes the cost and schedule for

the FRIB project. The Total Project Cost for FRIB is $730M, of which $635.5M will be provided by DOE and $94.5M will be shared by the community. FRIB will be completed by

June 2022 and the project is managing to an early completion in December 2020.

Why LISE++ ? What is it ?

“Step by step from the beginning with the use of examples prepared with the LISE++ code”

Reference:

“Radioactive beam production with in-flight separators", O.T. and D.Bazin, NIM B (2008) 4657-4664.

• The code operates under MS Windows environment and provides a highly user-friendly interface.

• It can be freely downloaded from the following internet addresses: http://lise.nscl.msu.edu

• The program LISE++ is designed to predict the intensity and purity of radioactive ion beams (RIB) produced by In-flight

separators.

• The LISE++ name (2002) is borrowed from the well known evolution of the C programming language, and is meant to indicate that the program is no longer limited to a fixed configuration like it was in the original “LISE” program, but can be configured to match any type of device or add to an existing device using the concept of modular blocks.

• The LISE code (1985) was named after the fragment separator LISE.

• The main functions of the program: predict the fragment separator settings necessary to obtain a specific RIB; predict the intensity and purity of the chosen RIB; simulate identification plots for on-line comparison; provide a highly user-friendly graphical environment; allow configuration for different fragment separators.

• The program is constantly expanding and evolving

from the feedback of its users around the world.

• The LISE++ package includes configuration files for most of the existing fragment and recoil separators found in the world.

• Many “satellite” tools have been incorporated into the LISE++ framework (will be discussed in Friday)

http://www.nishina.riken.jp/RIBF/BigRIPS/intensity.html

BigRIPS @ RIBF

Why LISE++ ? Where is it used? (1)

So, for the in-flight RIB facilities with the PAC system for proposals

LISE++ configurations files have been developed by local fragment separator groups.

“how to prepare a technical part of the proposal ?”

A1900 @ NSCL

http://www.nscl.msu.edu/exp/propexp/procedure

So, for the in-flight RIB facilities with the PAC system for proposals LISE++ configurations files have been developed by local fragment separator groups

http://pro.ganil-spiral2.eu/laboratory/experimental-areas/lise/technical-

informations/lise-_configuration/lise/

LISE @ GANIL

How to set up the FRS –

From SIS extraction of primary beam to isotope identification

http://web-docs.gsi.de/~weick/frs/frs-steps.html

FRS @ GSI

in-flight RIB facilities without the PAC system for proposals

ACCULINNA & COMBAS @ FLNR

RESOLUT @ FSU

MARS @ TAMU

The Content of the Lectures

Production of radioactive ion beams, I

(27 August 14:30-16:00)

Production of radioactive ion beams, II

(28 August 09:30-11:00)

Recap-session LISE++

(30 August 11:30-13:00)

1. Introduction to RIB production

2. Production Area

3. Separation

4. Identification

5. Production of new isotopes

6. LISE++ : Utilities

7. Radioactive beam physicist task

Acknowledgements (as Copyright issue)

Would like to thank MSU colleagues

D. Bazin, T. Baumann, D.J. Morrissey, A. Stolz,

T. Kubo (RIKEN), H.Weick (GSI)

and especially FRIB Chief Scientist B.M. Sherrill

for providing materials to prepare these lectures

Discussions

with B.M.Sherrill (MSU), D.J. Morrissey (MSU) and A.Gade (MSU)

are very appreciated

1. Introduction to Production of Rare Ion Beams

Rare Isotope Science and Applications

How do we make rare isotopes?

Production Mechanisms

High energy

Low energy

Production Cross Sections

Rare Isotope Production Techniques

In-Flight

Fragment separators

Methods: Pros and Cons

Rates comparison

In-Flight facilities

Brief “Summary”

O.Tarasov@Euroschool2013.JINR.RU 14

New territory to be explored

with next-generation rare

isotope facilities

The availability of rare isotopes over time

Nuclear Chart in

Less than 1000

known isotopes

blue – around 3000 known isotopes

Black squares are the around 260 stable isotopes found in nature (> 1 Gy)

New Rare IF – Will Allow Modeling of the r-Process

Rare Isotope Science and Applications

Properties of nucleonic matter

– Classical domain of nuclear science

– Many-body quantum problem: intellectual overlap to mesoscopic

science – how to understand the world from simple building blocks

Nuclear processes in the universe

– Energy generation in stars, (explosive) nucleo-synthesis

– Properties of neutron stars,

EOS of asymmetric nuclear matter

Tests of fundamental symmetries

– Effects of symmetry violations are

amplified in certain nuclei

Societal applications and benefits

– Bio-medicine, energy, material

sciences, national security

How do we make rare isotopes?

Lithium-7

3 protons, 4 neutrons

Suppose we want to study Lithium-11

3 protons, 8 neutrons

B.Sherrill

Creation of new isotopes

11-Lithium 18-Oxygen Collision

To use this mechanism (projectile fragmentation),

an 18O nucleus is accelerated to a velocity

of greater than around 50 MeV/u.

B.Sherrill

Cross Section for Production

rt rb 2

600 mb

Beam Target

13Li 12Li 11Li

One nucleon

removal

Around 50 mb

(light nuclei)

P ≈ 5%

2n removal

P = .5%

And so on

Rule of thumb

.1 x for each

neutron removed

Actual: 16O +12C interaction cross section:

1000 mb (measured at 970 MeV/u)

Note: Above around 300 MeV/u the

interaction length is shorter than the

electronic stopping range of the 16O

B.Sherrill

Production Mechanisms – High Energy

Fragmentation (used at NSCL, GSI, RIKEN, GANIL, FRIB)

o Projectile fragmentation of high energy (>50 MeV/A) heavy ions

o Target fragmentation with high energy massive ion.

Spallation (ISOLDE, TRIUMF-ISAC, EURISOL, SPES, …)

o Name comes from spalling or cracking-off of target pieces.

o Major ISOL mechanisms, e.g. 11Li made from spallation of Uranium

Fission (HRIBF, ARIEL, ISAC, JYFL, …)

o There is a variety of ways to induce fission (photons, protons,

neutrons [thermal, low, high energy])

o The fissioning nuclei can be the target (HRIBF, ISAC) or

the beam (GSI, NSCL, RIKEN, FAIR, FRIB)

Coulomb Fission (GSI) o At beam velocities of > 200 MeV/u the equivalent photon flux is so high

the GDR excitation cross section is many barns

Charge Exchange (GSI, NSCL, FRIB)

o a neutron or proton can change its charge with a proton or neutron;

cross sections can be ≈mb at >100 MeV/u

Production Methods – Low Energy

(p,n) (p,nn) etc.

o Ep < 50 MeV

o Used for the production of medical isotopes

o Selective, large production cross sections (100 mb), and intense

(500 mA) primary beams

o Used at HRIBF(ISOL), LLN (ISOL), ANL (in-flight) and Notre Dame (in-flight), Texas A&M (in-flight with MARS, e.g. 23Al)

Fusion-Evaporation

o Low energy 4-15 MeV/A and “thin” targets (mg/cm2)

o Selective with fairly large production cross sections

o Used for example at JINR, ANL(in-flight), JYFL (Jyväskylä)

Fusion-Fission

o 238U+12C (basis of Laser acceleration idea D. Habs et al.)

o 238U(24MeV/u) +9Be @ LISE3.GANIL.FR

Low Energy - Continued

Multi-Nucleon Transfer reactions (two body final state)

o Significant cross section between 10 - 50 MeV/A

o High production of nuclei near stability.

o Multi-nucleon reactions can be used to produce rare or more

neutron rich nuclei.

Deeply inelastic reactions (10 - 50 MeV/u range)

o Deep inelastic - KE of the beam is deposited in the target.

Products are emitted away from the beam axis.

o Was used to first produce many of the light neutron rich nuclei

o Is used to study neutron rich nuclei since the products are “cooler”

and fewer neutrons are evaporated than in fusion reactions.

o Large cross sections for production of some exotic isotopes

Universality of Production Cross Sections

Na isotopes

H Ravn, CERN

Fission Cross Sections

Low energy fission can lead

to higher yields for certain

nuclides.

This is the basis of the

electron driver upgrade

of the TRIUMF (ARIEL).

Projectile fragmentation

More details in the

“Production area”

lecture

Simple nuclear reactions provide a broad range of nuclei

• General features of the reactions are well-known but some details are not • Projectile fragments are produced at nearly the speed of light

• Projectile fragments: Rapid physical separation of fragment in a magnetic system

Requires: Z, A, and q identification/separation in 0o spectrometer

A few beams or

targets produce a broad range of

products

Summary of High Energy Production Mechanisms

http://www-win.gsi.de/charms/

Sketch of main production mechanisms for RIB

Method of discovery of the isotopes

~3000 now

How to make the others?

How to make others?

Accelerators

The particle accelerator used for production

is often called the “driver”

– Cyclotron (NSCL, GANIL, TRIUMF (proton driver), HRIBF

(proton driver), RIKEN RIBF)

– Synchroton (GSI, FAIR-GSI)

– LINAC (LINear ACcelerator) (FRIB, ATLAS – ANL)

– Others like FFAGs (Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient) are

currently not used

Main Parameters

– Top Energy (e.g. FRIB will have 200 MeV/u uranium ions)

– Particle range (TRIUMF cyclotron accelerates hydrogen,

hence is used for spallation)

– Intensity (1pμA = 6.25 x 1012 /s)

– Beam Power = Intensity x Beam Energy (so FRIB 400 KW)

– Emittance of primary beam

LISE++

Rare Isotope Production Techniques

B.Sherrill

Jargon : ISOL & In-Flight

Types of ISOL Ion Sources

P. Butler

Beam into page

Target

For details : “Production and acceleration of rare-isotope beams” by Giovanni Bisoffi ISOL & In-flight methods, ion sources, accelerators et al.

http://iks32.fys.kuleuven.be/f iles/euroschool/2012_Giovanni_Bisoffi.zip

Isotope production with ISOL technique

I = Ib Tuseable ediff edes eeff eis_eff eaccel_eff

H. Ravn

- production cross section

Ib - beam intensity

Tuseable - usable target thickness

ediff – diffusion efficiency

edes – desorption efficiency

eeff – effusion efficiency

e is_eff - ionization efficiency

eaccel_eff - acceleration efficiency

Production is only one part of the equation

target

https://groups.nscl.msu.edu/frib/rates/FRIB_rates_readme.pdf

Some efficiency examples* can be found in

* from Georg Bollen

Isotope Half-lives

ISOL extraction time > 0.01 s

ISOL: beam-target choice

Giovanni Bisoffi

HRIBF example will be used for comparison between In-Flight & ISOL

In-Flight : Basic principle of operation

2. Separation

Production, Separation, Identification -- our next lectures

In-flight RIB yields

2. Separation

Y number of registered events

σ production cross section

Nt number of target atoms

Nt = dt Mt / NA

dt target thickness

NA Avogadro number

Mt atomic mass number

I beam intensity

t duration of measurement

e t efficiency transmission at target

e s efficiency transmission through separator

e i identification efficiency

Y = I t Nt σ et es ei

e t efficiency transmission at target • lost of primary beam and fragments of interest due to

reaction in target and stripper

• charge state factor after target (stripper) • Gain due to secondary reactions

e s efficiency transmission through separator • lost of fragments of interest due to reaction in materials

located in the separator • charge state factor after materials

• Angular acceptance

• Momentum selection • Wedge selection

• Other selections

e i identification efficiency • lost of fragments of interest due to reaction in detectors • Live time (as well pile-ups)

will be discussed in details in the next chapters

In-Flight Production Example: NSCL’s CCF

fragment yield after target fragment yield after wedge fragment yield at focal plane

Example: 86Kr → 78Ni K500

K1200 A1900

production

target

ion sources

coupling

stripping

focal plane

p/p = 5%

transmission

of 65% of the

produced 78Ni

86Kr14+,

12 MeV/u

86Kr34+,

140 MeV/u

D.J. Morrissey, B.M. Sherrill, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 356 (1998) 1985

• Fast beams (S800, Mona, …)

• Stopped beams (LEBIT, BECOLA) • Reaccelerated beams with ReA3

Rare isotope beams delivered to experimental

vaults/areas for science with

Exotic Beams Produced at NSCL

More than 1000 RIBs have been made – more

than 830 RIBs have been used in experiments

12 Hours for a primary beam change; 3 to 12 hours for a secondary beam

Fragment separator generation

D.J.Morrissey

First Experiments – LBL BEVALAC [late 70’ s]

First Generation, used existing device: LISE @ GANIL

Second Generation, construct specific device:

A1200 @ NSCL, K=Kaccel

superconducting, begins beamlines

FRS @ GSI, K=Kaccel

full acceptance, begins beamlines

RIPS @ RIKEN, K= 1.65 Kaccel

large acceptance

Third Generation, construct improved high-resolution device:

LISE3 @ GANIL, post selection in Wien filter

A1900 @ NSCL, K=1.6 Kaccel superconducting, begins beamlines

Fourth Generation – preselection before high resolution separator:

A1900 & S800 beamline @ NSCL – recently tested

BigRIPS @ RIKEN – just finished, recently tested

SuperFRS @ GSI – in design

A2400 @ FRIB – in design

Fragment: 11Li, A/q = 3.67

Beam: 18O, A/q = 2.25 ratio 1.63

K1200 accelerator A1900 separator

“K” – proton kinetic energy in MeV

(e.g. K500, K1200, A1200, A1900)

E = K q2 / A

Maximum bending power is related to K

K = (e B)2 / (2 m0)

Better separation of the selected nuclei

Good beam quality (emittance)

Small beam energy spread

Post-acceleration allows to vary RIB energy

Can use chemistry (or atomic physics) to limit the

elements released

2-step targets provide a path to MW targets

Pros for ISOL & In-Flight

Provides beams with energy near that of the primary beam

Individual ions can be identified

Luminosity (intensity x target thickness) gain of 10,000

(one week experiment* = 3 x 10-18 barn)

Efficient (can be close to 100%)

Fast (100 ns)

Chemically independent separation

Production target is relatively simple

Broad range of RIBs

In-flight: GSI

RIBBAS

ISOL: HRIBF

SPIRAL

ISOLDE

EURIOSOL

O.Tarasov@Euroschool2013.JINR.RU 44 * recent experiment : O.T. et. al., PRC 87, 054612 (2013)

Cons for ISOL & In-Flight

Very low cross section for n-rich of some elements

Large energy and transverse emittances

Fixed high energy

Contamination by secondary products

large size and cost of fragment separators

In-flight: GSI

RIBBAS

ISOL: HRIBF

SPIRAL

ISOLDE

EURIOSOL

Finite time to get the RIB out of source (t1/2 > 10 ms)

Some elements are tough to produce

Large cost of high-temperature production target

Chemistry is involved

Attempt to estimate ISOL & In-Flight yields with LISE++

HRIBF : p(40MeV, 5uA) + 238U

Assumptions for ISOL method: Total efficiency: 10%

Extraction time: 50 ms

NSCL : from the beam list

for Ca isotopes 82Se(140MeV/u, 35 pna)

238U(80MeV/u, 0.2 pna)

for Kr isotopes 136Xe(120MeV/u, 2 pna)

238U(80MeV/u, 0.2 pna)

Details of these calculations will be discussed in one of the next lectures

ISOL & In-Flight : Ca isotopes

“Delay” block Total efficiency: 10%

X-axis : Mass number

Y-axis : rate (pps) TF – target fragmentation

calculated with EPAX3

HRIFB NSCL

HRIFB vs. NSCL

Last neutron-rich Calcium

isotopes 57,58Ca have been

observed @ NSCL in

projectile fragmentation of 76Ge and 82Se

ISOL & In-Flight : Kr isotopes

“Delay” block Total efficiency: 10%

X-axis : Mass number

Y-axis : rate (pps) TF – target fragmentation

calculated with EPAX3

HRIFB NSCL

HRIFB vs. NSCL

Last neutron-rich Krypton

isotopes 98-101Kr have been

observed @ GSI & RIKEN in

in-flight fission of 238U

Future for

Two-step process?

1. ISOL fission

2. In-flight PF

World view of rare isotope facilities

Black – production in target

Magenta – in-flight production

In-Flight facilities

Facility Location Driver Primary Energy Typical

intensity

Fragment

separator

GANIL France 2 separated sector

cyclotrons

Up to 100A MeV 36S 1013 pps

48Ca 2 1012 pps

SISSI +

GSI Germany Linac + Synchrotron Up to 2A GeV 1010 ppspill FRS

NSCL/MSU USA 2 coupled

superconducting

cyclotrons

Up to 200A MeV 40Ar 5 1011 pps

(2 kW)

Japan Ring cyclotron Up to 100A MeV 40Ar 5 1011 pps RIPS

RIBF RIKEN Japan 3 Ring Cyclotrons 350A MeV 5 1012 pps 238U

(10-100 kW)

BigRIPS

FAIR Germany SIS 100 Synchrotron Up to 2A GeV 1012 ppspill 238U

Super FRS

F RIB USA LINAC Up to 200A MeV 400 kW A2400

What New Nuclides Will Next Generation Facilities Produce?

They will produce more

than 1000 NEW isotopes

at useful rates (4500

available for study)

Theory is key to making

the right measurements

Exciting prospects for

study of nuclei along the

drip line to mass 120

(compared to 24)

Production of most of the

key nuclei for

astrophysical modeling

Harvesting of unusual

isotopes for a wide range

of applications Rates are available at

http://groups.nscl.msu.edu/frib/rates/

Next Generation Facilities : Beams and Rates

FRIB beams

Major US Project – Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, FRIB

Funded by DOE Office of

Science & MSU

– 2022 completion,

– 2020 early completion

Key Features:

400kW beam power (5 x1013

238U/s)

• Efficient acceleration

(multiple charge states)

Separation of isotopes

in-flight:

– Fast development time

for any isotope

–Suited for all elements

and short half-lives

FRIB Facility Layout

• Reaccelerated beams, uranium to 12 (15) MeV/u

Facility for Rare Isotope Beams

The Total Project Cost for FRIB is $730M, of which $635.5M will be

provided by DOE and $94.5M will be shared by the community

RIKEN RI Beam Factory (RIBF)

SRC: World Largest (Heaviest) Cyclotron

Remind, that “K” is proton energy.

RIBF 238U energy is 345 MeV/u

O.Tarasov@Euroschool2013.JINR.RU 58 Courtesy of T.Kubo

Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research

Beams at 1.5 GeV/u

1012/s Uranium

Research

– Compressed matter

– Rare isotopes

– Antiproton

– Plasma

– Atomic physics

Completion of the first stages

are planned around 2018 http://www.fair-center.de/index.php?id=1

Experiment building

Beam line [for acceleration]

Beam line [for experiment]

Target building

In-Flight Fragmentation linac

ISOL linac

Future plan

200MeV/u (U)

Stripper

SC ECR IS

Cyclotron K ~ 100

Fragment Separator

Charge Breeder

SCL RFQ

Low energy experiments

target

In-flight

target

μ, Medical

research

Atom trap

experiment

H2+ D+

KoRIA Schematic Layout

Seung Woo Hong

Brief Summary: The Five-Minute Rap Version

Rare Isotope Rap by Kate McAlpine (also did the LHC Rap)

B.Sherrill

Nuclide discovery project

from Michael Thoennessen http://www.nscl.msu.edu/~thoennes/isotopes/

Discovery papers

Table of top 1000 (co)authors

Table of top 250 first authors

Table of top 25 labs

Table of countries

Journals and publishers

Discovery of exotic nuclei:

past, present and future

GENCO Colloquium

GSI, February 28, 2013

Terra Incognita: exploring the limits of nuclear existence

Figure: Chart of nuclei [1] (element or proton number Z versus neutron number N): stable nuclei along the valley of

stability are shown in black, isotopes that have been detected at least once on Earth are shown in blue, and the large terrain of unknown nuclei is shown in red. The estimated paths for the r- and rp-

processes for explosive nucleosynthesis in the cosmos are indicated by solid lines. [1] “Isotope Science Facility at Michigan State University”,

MSUCL-1345, November 2006

The limits of nuclear stability provide a key benchmark of nuclear models:

Exploring nuclei with unusual properties Exploring changes in shell structure Exploring nuclear shapes

The context of astrophysics:

What is the origin of the heavy elements? Understanding the r-process abundance patterns

of elements (see Figure)

Production mechanism study to explore Terra Incognita: reaction choice, production cross sections, momentum distributions,

Secondary beam intensities. Planning new experiments, set-ups (F-RIB, RIBF, FAIR)

The study of properties (masses, lifetimes, and properties of excited states) of the most exotic isotopes continues to be one of the important tasks in experimental nuclear physics. The first step in the study of a new exotic nucleus is its observation, which for neutron-rich nuclei demonstrates its stability with respect to particle emission.

Nuclear Landscape

• Chart of the

nuclides

• Black squares

are the 263

stable isotopes

found in nature

(> 1 Gy)

• Dark green

closed area is

the region of

isotopes

observed so far.

• The limits are

not known.

Open Questions in the Search for the Limits

Open Questions:

How many elements can exist? We are up to element 118 and

counting.

Are there long-lived superheavy elements, with half lives of

greater than 1 year?

Where are the atoms of the various elements formed in nature?

What makes atomic nuclei stable? We know Strong and

Electroweak forces are involved, but don’t understand how in

detail. The inability to answer this question is reflected in our

inability to answer the first three questions.

History of Element Discovery

O.Tarasov@Euroschool2013.JINR.RU , Slide 67

Democritus –

idea of atoms

Babylonia

Copper Age

1700+ Rise of modern chemistry –

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Source: Mathematica + Wikipedia

The history of element discovery 1200-2010

Time of the Alchemists

Chemistry

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Cavendish, Priestly, Scheele, …

Mendeleev’s

Periodic Table

Particle

Accelerators

Reactors

Future?

Discovery of Isotopes

Fredrick Soddy – Credited with discovery of isotopes

– Extremely talented chemist who began his career at McGill

as a lecturer in 1900

– Rutherford came to McGill at the same time. Rutherford

needed the help of a Chemist to try to understand

radioactivity.

– Rutherford won 1908 Nobel prize "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of

radioactive substances” (identified α and β radioactivity)

Isotopes

– In 1910 Soddy found that the mass of lead from thorium

decay differed from lead from uranium decay

– He realized that atoms of a given elements must come in different forms that he called isotopes (Greek for “at the

same place”) JJ Thompson in 1913 showed the first direct

evidence – Ne isotopes in cathode ray tube.

– "Put colloquially, their atoms have identical outsides but

different insides.” – Soddy Nobel Prize Lecture

– Won Nobel Prize in 1921 for discovery of isotopes

First Synthesis of Radioactive Isotopes

– The first artificial isotopes were

produced by F Joliot and I Curie (Nature,

10 Feb 1934 ) by bombarding B, Al, Mg

with alpha particles from Po

– “We propose for the new radio-isotopes

formed by the transmutation of boron,

magnesium and aluminum, the names

radionitrogen, radiosilicon,

radiophosphorus”

– For this discovery, Curie and Joliot won

the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1935

New isotope discoveries per year

M.Thoennessen and B.Sherrill, Nature 473 (2011) 25

New territory to be explored

with next-generation rare

isotope facilities

The availability of rare isotopes over time

Nuclear Chart in

Less than 1000

known isotopes

blue – around 3000 known isotopes

Black squares are the around 260 stable isotopes found in nature (> 1 Gy)

What New Nuclides Will Next Generation Facilities Produce?

They will produce more

than 1000 NEW isotopes

at useful rates (4500

available for study)

Theory is key to making

the right measurements

Exciting prospects for

study of nuclei along the

drip line to mass 120

(compared to 24)

Production of most of the

key nuclei for

astrophysical modeling

Harvesting of unusual

isotopes for a wide range

of applications Rates are available at

How many isotopes might exist?

Estimated Possible:

Erler, Birge, Kortelainen,

Nazarewicz, Olsen,

Stoitsov, Nature 486,

509–512 (28 June 2012) ,

based on a study of EDF

models

“Known” defined as

isotopes with at least

one excited state known

(1900 isotopes from

NNDC database)

Represents what is

possible now

The Number of Isotopes Available for Study

at FRIB (next generation facilities)

Estimated Possible:

Erler, Birge, Kortelainen,

Nazarewicz, Olsen,

Stoitsov, Nature 486,

509–512 (28 June 2012) ,

based on a study of EDF

models

“Known” defined as

isotopes with at least

one excited state known

(1900 isotopes from

NNDC database)

For Z<90 FRIB is

predicted to make > 80%

of all possible isotopes

Prediction of the limits of the nuclear landscape

J. Erler et al., Nature 486, 509 (2012)

265 stable isotopes, 3100 observed, more like 2000 “known”

Z=8-14, 1970 - June, 2007

Figure. The region of the chart of nuclides

under investigation in this work.

1970: Artukh, A. G. et al., New isotopes 21N, 23O, 24O and 25F, produced in nuclear reactions with heavy ions. Phys. Lett. 32B, 43–44 (1970).

1990: Guillemaud-Mueller, D. et al., Particle stability of the

isotopes 26O and 32Ne in the reaction 44 MeV/nucleon 48Ca+Ta. Phys. Rev. C 41, 937–941 (1990).

1997: Tarasov, O. et al., Search for 28O and study of neu-tron-rich nuclei near the N = 20 shell closure. Phys. Lett. B 409, 64–70 (1997).

1999: Sakurai, H. et al., Evidence for Particle Stability of 31F and Particle Instability of 25N and 28O. Phys. Lett. B 448 180 (1999).

2002: Notani, M. et al. New neutron-rich isotopes, 34Ne, 37Na

and 43Si, produced by fragmentation of a 64 A MeV 48Ca

beam. Phys. Lett. B 542, 49–54 (2002).

2002: Lukyanov, S. M. et al. Experimental evidence for the particle stability of 34Ne and 37Na. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 28, L41–L45 (2002).

2007: Tarasov, O. B., et al., New isotope 44Si and systematics

of the production cross sections of the most neutron-rich

nuclei. Phys. Rev. C, in press (2007).

Neutron-rich side

Z< 100

proton-rich

side (100Sn, 45Fe, 48Ni, 60Ge etc) omitted:

Exploration of unknown neutron-rich region

48Ca (140MeV/u) + W (NSCL@MSU)

a) New isotope: 44Si

O.T. et al., Phys.Rev. C 75, 064613 (2007)

New isotopes 40Mg, 42Al, 43Al

T.Baumann et al.,Nature(London) 449, 1022 (2007)

2009 : 76Ge (130 MeV/u)

Phys.Rev.Lett. 102, 142501 (2009) : New isotopes, Evidence for a Change in the Nuclear Mass Surface

Phys.Rev.C. 80, 034609 (2009) : Set-up, cross sections, momentum distributions

NIM A 620, 578-584 (2010) : A new approach to measure momentum distributions

50Cl, 53Ar, 55,56K, 57,58Ca, 59,60,61Sc, 62,63Ti, 65,66V, 68Cr, 70Mn

Newly-developed 82Se (139 MeV/u)

64Ti, 67V, 69Cr, 72Mn 70Cr 1event & 75Fe 1event

Beam E (MeV/u) I (pna) N/Z

82Se 139 35 1.412

76Ge 130 20 1.375

N / Z=2

O.T. et al., Phys. Rev. C 87, 054612 (2013)

GSI : 60 new isotopes in 2012

O.Tarasov@Euroschool2013.JINR.RU 88 Courtesy of T.Kubo

“Next” Calcium isotopes

76Ge approved proposal

from MSU @ RIKEN

Intensity factor 2 Target thick. factor 10

Secondary reactions factor 55 (for 60Ca)?

Intensity: Factors for production of new isotopes

Y = I t Nt σ et es ei

* reduced, Y=1 , assuming e t e s e I equal to 100%, 100% time just for one production run

** RIKEN : 48Ca 345 MeV/u 150 pnA

Estimated rates

http://groups.nscl.msu.edu/frib/rates/FRIB_rates_readme.pdf Readme file :

Excel version

Java version

http://groups.nscl.msu.edu/frib/rates/fribrates.html

Exploration of unknown neutron-rich region. Next

In action: RIBF @ RIKEN

238U 345 MeV/u, 1 pnA

2019 - 2020: GSI – new isotope production

with pre-separator, 1.5 GeV/u, 1012 pps

2020-2022: FRIB @ MSU

200-250 MeV/ u , 400 kW

Yields per 1 second

A total of 47 primary

beams were used for FRIB

yield analysis. These

cover nearly 90% of the

optimum

primary beams for the

production of all isotopes.

RIBF @ RIKEN 238U 345 MeV/u, 2pnA

GSI ,1.5 GeV/u, 1012 pps

F-RIB @ MSU

200-250 MeV/ u , 400 kW

RIBF beam intensities (2009)

48Ca Kr Xe 238U

FY2008 170 pnA 30 pnA *1 - 0.4 pnA

FY2009 expected 200 pnA 30 pnA *2 10 pnA 5 pnA *3

*1: 1min *2: Limited by e04 CS *3: with SC-ECRIS

U-beam intensity in future (rumor): ~100

with new injector linac, new 28GHz S.C.

ECR ion source and new stripper

Courtesy of T.Kubo

FRIB : new isotopes per 1 second

FRIB : new isotopes per 1 week

End of Lecture 5

The next decade is expected to be very

fruitful in production of new isotopes (> 103)

O.Tarasov@Euroschool2013.JINR...O.Tarasov@Euroschool2013.JINR.RU Preparing the technical part of...

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