Post on 29-Dec-2015
transcript
PALM BIOMASS UTILISATION IN MALAYSIA
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIOPLASTICS
Mohamad Ali HassanUniversity Putra Malaysia
Yoshihito ShiraiKyushu Institute of Technology
Presentation Outline
• Biomass Resources in Malaysia• Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia• UPM-KIT-FELDA Biogas & Biomass
Project• Palm Biomass Plastics• Novel Business
Biomass Resources in Malaysia
• Biomass – organic matter available on a
renewable basis – includes forest and mill residues,
wood wastes, agricultural crops and wastes, animal wastes and MSW
• Abundant in Malaysia > 70 million tonnes collected / year
• Produced throughout the year– high sunlight intensity/time
and high rainfall
• Main contributor of biomass is the palm oil industry (ligno-cellulosics)
MSW9.5%
Palm Oil 85.5%
Rice 0.7%
Sugarcane 0.5%
Wood industry
3.7%
• Increasing demand for food leads to increased biomass/waste generation– problem with waste treatment and disposal
• Open dumps/landfill and wastewater treatment facility– uncontrolled release of greenhouse gases/global warming– groundwater and river contamination from leachate
• Indiscriminate dumping– environmental pollution
• Burning of biomass– emission of smoke & haze hazard– emission of toxic chemicals such as dioxins
• No special incentives or provisions to utilize these residues
• Biomass business not economically feasible & long payback periods
Problems Associated with Biomass
Palm Oil Industry and Malaysian Socio Economy
• Introduced in 1911 from West Africa
• Commercial planting in 1917• No. 1 commodity in 1970• USD 6 billion export in 2003• More than 500 000 people
employed directly and indirectly
• Poverty alleviation - Land ownership scheme &
stable income - FELDA
• Sustainable Development – 3P: Profit, People and Planet
Malaysian Palm Oil Industry
Palm Oil Mill Effluent50 million tonnes
Fresh Fruit Bunch70 million tonnes
Oil ExtractionCrude Palm Oil
15 million tonnesPalm Kernel Oil2 million tonnes
Empty Fruit Bunches 15 million tonnes
Fiber 9 million tonnes
Shell4 million tonnes
Renewable Resources
• Methane sinks– Employs anaerobic treatment for palm oil mill
effluent– Extensive and efficient system– The largest methane emission– Not yet commercialized, WHY?
Palm Oil Industry and CDM
Potential Power Generation from Oil Palm Residues at Palm Oil Mills in Malaysia
Type ofIndustry
Production (Million Tonne)
Residue Residue product
Ratio(%)
Residue Generated(Million Tonne)
PotentialEnergyPJ
PotentialElectricityGeneration( MW)
Oil palm 59.8 EFB at65%MC*
21.14 12.641 57 520
Fiber 12.72 7.607 108 1032
Shell 5.67 3.390 55 545
Total Solid 16.670 220 2098
POME (3.5m3/CPO or 65% of FFB)
38.870 320
Ref – Malaysian Oil Palm Statistics 2002, 22nd Edition, MPOBData is for the year 2002
New Business Potential of Palm Biomass
Empty Fruit Bunch > 15 million t/yr
Palm Oil Mill Effluent> 50 million t/yr
Concentration of biomass “business as usual”
Sugars
Bioplastic (PLA)or Bioethanol
Saccharification of cellulose
Lactic Acid or Cellulosic
Bioethanol fermentation Electricity
Organic acids
Bioplastic (PHA)Biogas / Methane Plant
Biopolymers open up new options for an old problem -- disposal
AGHH! Plastic lasts FOREVER
1950’s Today
Wow! Plastic lasts FOREVER
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)Carbon source
PHA in cell wall
Extraction
Bacteria
Fermentation
Polyesters accumulated inside microbial cells as carbon & energy storage
Produced from natural, renewable resources
Able to be recycled, composted or burned without producing toxic byproducts
100 % biodegradable
Produced under conditions of: low limiting nutrients (e.g. N, S, P) and excess carbon
PHA StructurePHA Structure
PHA RPHB - CH3
PHV -CH2CH3
PHBV - CH3 & CH2CH3
PHBHx -CH3 & - CH2CH2CH3
PHBO -CH3 & -(CH2)4CH3
R = Hydrocarbon
x = 100-30000
n = 1-4
Carbon Cycle of Bioplastics
CO2
H2O Biodegradation
CarbohydratesPlastic
Products
Fermentation PHA Polymer
Photosynthesis
Recycle
Applications
Your foodcomes from
nature..
Now sodoes your container
$$$$$$$$ factor factor
• The major drawbacks in commercialisation of PHA are
1) high cost of production and recovery
2) price
• Raw material ~ 40-50% of the total production cost
• Current price with natural producer like Ralstonia eutropha is US $6-10 per kg, about 3-5 times more expensive than PP
• To be commercially viable, PHA price ~ US $3-5 per kg
• Therefore, various carbon sources are being explored in order to reduce the price of bioplastics
• Our work focuses on producing organic acids and sugars as cheap carbon sources for bioplastics (PHA and PLA)
UTILIZATION OF BIOGAS & UTILIZATION OF BIOGAS & BIOMASS BIOMASS
FOR NEW BIOPRODUCTSFOR NEW BIOPRODUCTSJOINT RESEARCH & JOINT RESEARCH &
DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
UNIVERSITY PUTRA MALAYSIAUNIVERSITY PUTRA MALAYSIA
FELDA PALM INDUSTRIES SDN. FELDA PALM INDUSTRIES SDN. BHD.BHD.
KYUSHU INSTITUTE OF KYUSHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
PALM OIL INDUSTRY: NEW BIOPRODUCTS
PROJECT #1 - Improved Methane Fermentation from Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Electric Power Generation for CDM
PROJECT #2 - Organic Acids Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent
PROJECT #3 - Production of Sugars and Other Valued Products from Empty Fruit Bunch and Fruit Fiber
Bioplastics from Palm Biomass
Palm Oil Mill Effluent
Concentrationof biomass
Oil Extraction
Bio-acids PlantBioplastic
(PHA)
Consumerproducts
Biomass Plastics from EFB
Crystalline Poly-
lactate
Poly-lactate pilot plant at
Kyushu Institute of Technology
Novel Business Using Biomass Energy from Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia
CDM provides profitable area for novel business to which biomass energy can be supplied from palm oil industry with a reasonable price
CDM provides a complete methane fermentation system and change lagoon area into a profitable area.
CDM provides electricity using the methanefermentation system for novel businesswith a competitive price.
1. CDM can reduce GHG by sealing the lagoons.2. Prevention of undesirable
smell by modern treatment.3. Local employment can be
encouraged from new business.
for novel business
Based on the economic growth in Malaysia, the development of new oil palmplantations in the tropical rainforest will soon be no longer economically viable.In order to meet the increasing demand for palm oil in the future, palm oil industry must cooperatively stay with other industries and people >>> 3P (Profit, People, Planet)